Natural Monopoly and Distorted Competition

Question: Explain why governments may want to set the price charged by natural monopolies at the level where the demand curve cuts the average total cost curve? Answer: Introduction: The place where sellers and buyers meet to deal with the transaction of varied goods and services is known as market. The market can be segmented into several parts depending upon some pre-specified paradigm (Lavoie, 2013). The paradigms are: the total number of peoples involved in transaction, hindrances posed on exit and entry, etc. Through this essay, it has been tried on our part to draw an inference about the governments choice of quoting the price at the intersecting point of demand curve and average total cost curve. In monopoly market, the sellers or producer has the upper-hand in quoting the price of goods and services. But in case of natural monopoly market it has been seen that the higher authority always controls the price. This behavior can be explained by using few economic terms like total cost, marginal cost and marginal revenue (Geng, Ji, Fan, 2014). This essay initially highlights the basic concepts of the subject economics and a short discussion on the various markets to get a better perceptive about the situation in which trade occurs. The rationale behind the opinion of the government and its interference in the decision process of the natural monopolist has been discussed henceforth (Browning Zupan, 2014). The essay takes the help of different concepts like costs, benefits, choices in highlighting the governments decision. Discussion: Demand and supply are the two pillars of the subject economics. The subject entangled with complicated mathematics, hypotheses, theories and complex process involved in decision-making tries to find out ways in which the equilibrium can be maintained and restored within the economy. The business sector in the economy can be segregated into few segments namely, monopoly, perfect competition, oligopoly, monopolistic, oligopolistic and monopsony markets. A short outline regarding the 4 most well recognized market has been drawn and then the main market of natural monopoly has been elucidated while answering the given question. The two extreme types of market namely perfect competition and monopoly are utopian situations(Makowski, 2014). Yet the market of perfect competition is the ideal situation that can exist in the economy from consumers viewpoint. The market with a few sellers who individually has the power to influence the transaction pattern of trade is known as oligopoly market(Weyl Fabinger, 2013). Monopolistic market also consisting of a few sellers face minimum barrier in ingress and egress (Nikaido, 2015). The final and 4th type of market, monopoly is discussed below. Monopoly Market: The term monopoly is given to the market where only one seller is responsible to meet the entire demand generated in the society. The seller being free from any rivalry dominates the market and is responsible for quoting the price of the services and goods. The structure itself indicates the fact that other sellers are debarred form entering the market (Scitovsky, 2013). Natural Monopoly: The natural monopoly is the market in which ingress of other producer is restricted as it is associated with lofty cost. In pure monopoly, the other firms are restricted from entering the market but in case of natural monopoly no other firm tries to enter due as they would require to borne huge cost whereas they can remain sure that they wont get equivalent revenue(Stiglitz Rosengard, 2015). Example: The market for railway service can be cited as an appropriate example of natural monopoly. Railway is one of the cheapest and fastest methods of communication in the world. The important characteristics of this market are as follows: Scale economies: This feature implies that with the increase in the number of total output the marginal cost incurred decreases and hence the company always tries to produce their service in bulk. High fixed cost: The cost borne by a company can be divided into two parts. They are: Fixed cost and variable cost. The burden that any producer needs to bear even if there is no production in the company is called fixed cost. Low variable cost: The cost that fluctuates depending on the total production of the company is known as variable cost. In the natural monopoly market the ups and downs of production cannot create a big difference in fluctuation of this component. The comparison drawn below the two intense type of market structure can help in better understanding of the inefficiency of the natural monopoly market. The diagram below clarifies the situation. Figure 1: Difference between Perfect Competition Monopoly Source: Created by the Author The diagram above shows both the monopoly market and perfect competition together. The diagram on the left shows the market of perfect competition where Pc and Qc are the respective price and quantity that exists in the market as a result of interaction between the supply and demand curve. The demand is perfectly elastic. On other hand the figure on the right side depicts the scenario of monopoly market. The equilibrium is obtained by equating the marginal cost and marginal revenue curve. Here Pm and Qm depicts the price and quantity respectively. From both the diagram it can be summarized that the monopolist charge greater price for a service than the perfect competition market. Also the quantity of goods and service produced in the market is reduced in the monopoly market(Yurukoglu Lim, 2014). As the price charged by the monopolist is much greater than the prices in other market, hence there it is obvious that the buyers are left with a reduced amount of consumer surplus. At the s ame time the seller gets a hike in their producer surplus. But overall there is a lack of efficiency in the market that leads to the failure of the market (Eaton, Allen, Eaton, 2012). The way in which natural monopolies behaves if the price is quoted at the juncture of average total cost curve and the average revenue that is the demand curve has been observed from three different perspective and discussed below with the help of diagram: Figure 2: Price determination in Monopoly Market Source: Created by the Author The diagram above shows that if complete power is bestowed in the hands of the monopoly firm then they will offer the service at a price as high as Pm. At such a high price only a few consumer will be able to use the service. Only Qm quantity of goods and services will be provided in the market. The benefit of the monopoly firm: The profit making motive of the monopoly producer always thrives to find a way through which they can extract the maximum possible consumer surplus from consumers hand and convert it into the producer surplus. This can only be done by setting the price at high level(Stigler Mencken, 2016). From the diagram above it can be seen that at Pm the producer earns a profit as shown by the uppermost rectangle in the figure. Hence, the firm is being benefitted as it can successfully yield some amount of super-normal profit that in turn induces them to continue their operation at that juncture itself(Salvatore, 2012). But if the firm keeps on operating at this situation, then both the firm and the society have to face some severe consequences which are discussed in the next stanza. Cost on monopoly firm and on the society: Since the firm operates at such a high price, therefore it reduces the scope of the firm to cater a large mass of people. Hence, losing some potential consumer is the cost that the firm has to borne at the given situation. On other hand, from the consumers perspective as many of them cannot get the service due to the extreme high cost associated with the same, they are forcefully deprived. The society as a whole faces some dead-weight loss which has been depicted by the triangle ABC in the diagram above. The monopoly firm faces the grave problem of allocative efficiency (Geng, Ji Fan, 2014). Allocative efficiency is the situation where there is balance in the societys production and consumers demand and it occurs when marginal cost and average revenue gets equated. Under such circumstances the government needs to intervene and minimize the societys welfare loss. Government Intervention: The government tries to balance the extreme effects and make the firm operate at a level where both the producers and the consumers can sustain in the market. The diagram below clarifies the measures taken by the regulatory authority. Figure 3: Government intervention in Monopoly Market Source: Created by the Author The ideal situation is the scenario where the price is above Ps that is price quoted under perfect competition and below Pm that is the price in monopoly market. The place where the average total cost curve of the monopoly firm and the demand curve of the same intersect is chosen by the government as the ideal price(Krugman, Obstfeld, Melitz, 2015). It is the government who has the duty to provide proper feasible services to its people. The government can regulate the market in three different ways. They are: Direct regulation: The government itself provides the service and goods in the market discarding the existence of private sector. Price regulation: It may put a ceiling on the price of the goods and services. In such a situation the monopoly producer cannot charge any price above that pre-declared price. Quota or quantity regulation: The government can also force the producer to produce a minimum amount of goods in the market. The minimum amount that the government decides is given by the same intersecting point of demand curve and average total cost curve(Browning Zupan, 2014). If the government fixes the quota of Qg amount of goods then the price of the goods and services will automatically get reduced to Pg level. This is because if the producer keeps price at Pm but quantity produced at Qg, then there is going to be a surplus which is equivalent to (Qg- Qm) in the market. So automatically by the natural laws of the market the price gets reduced. On other hand the total loss of welfare also decreases as shown by the smaller triangle EFG. A real example below depicts the huge cost of natural monopoly and governments intervention in the same market. Railway networks falls under natural monopoly in countries like India and Australia and are operated by the government themselves. Fiber optic markets also enjoy the status of natural monopoly in many countries(Minamihashi, 2012). The Australian Rail Track Corporation is responsible for providing railway service in the country(Nash, 2015). The Australian government during 2003 proposed to design an inter-state network within the country with an investment of over $ 872 million (Miller, 2016) Conclusion: The writing can be wrapped up by connoting few facts one again. The market for monopoly comes up with the problem of market failure. On other hand the most desirable market is nothing short of being utopian phenomenon. The society requires certain large scale services and goods in order to sustain in the market. It is seen that often those large scale services can be provided efficiently only if they are operated under natural monopoly. On other hand allowing the private sector to operate freely with monopoly power will create a distortion between the desired level of service at certain price and the original provision of the same. Hence, the government being a controlling authority is left with two feasible options under this circumstance. The government can either become the supplier of that particular service or it can intervene in the private sector and control the price of the goods and services by debarring the price to rise above the intersecting point of the demand curve and total cost curve of the private firm. There can be a third option open for the government as well which requires a lot of time. It is improving the situation by encouraging research and development. Only a havoc escalation in technology can create a condition capable of reducing the production cost and thereby efficiently catering the market. Bibliography Browning, E. K., Zupan, M. A. (2014). Microeconomics: Theory and Applications. Wiley Global Education. Eaton, B. C., Allen, D. W., Eaton, D. F. (2012). Microeconomics: theory with applications. Pearson Canada. Geng, J., Ji, Q., Fan, Y. (2014). A dynamic analysis on global natural gas trade network. Applied Energy. Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M., Melitz, M. (2015). International trade: theory and policy. Pearson. Lavoie, M. (2013). Teaching post-Keynesian economics in a mainstream department. Makowski, L. (2014). Perfect Competition, the Profit Criterion, and the Organiza-tion of Economic Activity. Journal of Economic Theory , 105-125. Miller, A. (2016). Promoting Economically Efficient Use of, and Investment in, Infrastructure in Australia: The Role of the'Essential Facilities' Regime. Promoting Economically Efficient Use of, and Investment in, Infrastructure in Australia. Minamihashi, N. (2012). Natural monopoly and distorted competition: evidence from unbundling fiber-optic networks. Nash, C. (2015). The evolving global railway industry. The Routledge Companion to Network Industries. Nikaido, H. (2015). Monopolistic Competition and Effective Demand.(PSME-6).. Princeton University Press. Salvatore, D. (2012). Microeconomics: theory and applications. OUP Catalogue. Scitovsky, T. (2013). Welfare Competition . Routledge. Stigler, G., Mencken, H. (2016). PAM 3170 PAM 5170: Market Regulation and Public Policy . Spring 2016. Stiglitz, J., Rosengard, J. (2015). Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Weyl, E., Fabinger, M. (2013). Pass-through as an economic tool: Principles of incidence under imperfect competition. Journal of Political Economy , 528-83. Yurukoglu, A., Lim, C. (2014). Yurukoglu, A., Lim, C. (2014). Dynamic Natural Monopoly Regu Asymmetric Information, and Political Environments. Society for Economic Dyanamics.

Lobbyists In Canada Essay Research Paper Lobbyist free essay sample

Lobbyists In Canada Essay, Research Paper Lobbyist necessary for authorities reform Lobbying is a formal and recognized portion of the democratic system. Lobbying is any signifier of direct or indirect communicating with the authorities or its functionaries designed to act upon public policy. A lobbyist is a paid professional who makes his/her living by act uponing authorities. Business houses or assorted economic and political groups are the most frequent employers of lobbyists ( e.g. Tobacco companies ) . A lobbyist is hired for their expertness and cognition of authorities and how it works, besides who to turn to. , In order to hold proper authorities reform, lobbyist are necessary in a democratic society. In order for lobbyist group to be successful they must utilize different methods ( direct or indirect ) , If they are working for a company they must utilize the enrollment act and the down sides to lobbyists is that, the 1s with the most money normally control the result. We will write a custom essay sample on Lobbyists In Canada Essay Research Paper Lobbyist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lobbyists attempt to act upon authorities policy either straight through contact with the authorities, or indirectly by act uponing public sentiment, which in bend might impact authorities determinations. The direct method could affect letters to the Prime Minister, requests sent to a Member of Parliament or set uping contact with an of import civil retainer or politician. Knowing the right individual and how to utilize them is one of the most of import ways of acquiring an organisation # 8217 ; s point across. ( E.g. the Wambacks campaign to alter the Young wrongdoers act, after their boy, was beaten in a park for evident ground. ) # 8220 ; A 19-year-old who steal $ 500 out of your house will pass more clip in gaol than a 17-year-old who murders your son. # 8221 ; ( Whamback, 2000 ) # 8220 ; The household received over 600 electronic mails from across the state, forcing the sum to more 636,000. # 8221 ; ( Chisholm, 2000 ) # 8220 ; Once they get 1 million names, they plan to take it to Ottawa, where alterations to the Young wrongdoers act are being studied. # 8221 ; ( Hudson, 2000 ) The Wambacks won # 8217 ; t halt until they have changed the immature wrongdoers act, they evidently have the support of the populace, and therefore they are buttonholing the authorities for proper reform, they are working on behalf of the Canadian population. # 8220 ; Angry teamsters slowed traffic on Highway 40 1 to a crawl pulling the anger of automobilists and a phalanx of constabulary – as protests continued across the country.† ( Alphen, 2000 ) Truck driver # 8217 ; s are angry at the monetary value of Diesel and would wish the federal authorities to make something about it. They will keep presentations until their jobs have been dealt with. The indirect method is when politicians are really cognizant of public sentiment polls and frequently consult such polls to set up how the public feels about on certain issues. Pressure groups know that politicians rely on these polls and so many of them spend a great trade of clip and attempt to act upon. As of 1989 the lobbyists # 8217 ; enrollment act requires lobbyists to register with the federal authorities so that there is a public record of whom is seeking to act upon policy shapers. Under the act, persons who are paid to pass on with the authorities for the intent of act uponing policy-makers determinations are considered to be lobbyists. Those who lobby the authorities on a unpaid footing do non hold to register. Although paid lobbyists must register with the authorities and the authorities does non modulate their activities. # 8220 ; A Toronto councilor has softly proposed major alterations to the municipal moralss and buying bylaw in a command to do the Wheeling and covering at City Hall more transparent. # 8221 ; ( Benzie, 2000 ) The Negative facets to lobbyists are that the 1s working for big international corporations, which have a batch of finicky, endorsing normally control the result. In the U.S.A lobbyists are a large portion of capital hill they are ever seeking to act upon politicians, by adding money to their runs, these companies/groups may include the N.R.A ( National Rifle Association ) or Phillip Morris, who produce Cigarettes. The term you may used to depict this is a payoff. The politician will side with the 1s paying for their re-election run, if they don # 8217 ; t they won # 8217 ; t acquire money for their run, which could add up to 1000000s. In decision lobbyist are necessary in a democratic society for authorities reform. By utilizing different methods to demo the populace about their state of affairs, the authorities of Canada instating the enrollment act to protect the smaller lobbyists, and lobbyists can work against the involvement of the populace, for the involvements of big corporations

Pronunciation of -ise in Verbs and Nouns

Pronunciation of -ise in Verbs and Nouns Pronunciation of -ise in Verbs and Nouns Pronunciation of -ise in Verbs and Nouns By Maeve Maddox The letter s represents two sounds in English, the unvoiced sound /s/ heard in sister, and the voiced sound /z/ heard in rose. Note: The â€Å"voiced† s sound buzzes, like the sound of /z/. The unvoiced s sound is â€Å"soft,† like the hiss of a snake. When the spelling combination -ise occurs in verbs and nouns, the s is usually voiced, but not always. Verbs in which the s in -ise is voiced: arise advertise apprise chastise circumcise comprise compromise (BUT: promise with /s/) demise despise devise disfranchise disguise enfranchise excise exercise improvise incise revise supervise surmise surprise While on the subject of -ise endings in verbs, a comment is probably in order on the widespread misconception that the verb ending -ize as in synthesize is an American corruption of lovely English verbs that â€Å"should† end in -ise. The OED recommends the -ize ending for verbs that derive from Greek, and, as demonstrated by the list above, Americans have not altogether abandoned the -ise ending. The usage differs only with verbs in -yze, like analyze and paralyze. OED prefers analyse and paralyse for etymological reasons. In its entry on the suffix -ize, the OED states the rationale for preferring the -ize spelling: the suffix itself, whatever the element to which it is added, is in its origin the Greek -izein, Latin -izÄ re; and, as the pronunciation is also with z, there is no reason why in English the special French spelling should be followed, in opposition to that which is at once etymological and phonetic. For a fascinating comparison of views on the subject of -ize vs. -ise, see Mike Horne’s The -ize have it!† Nouns in which the s in -ise is voiced: chemise demise enterprise franchise expertise surprise valise (British) Nouns in which the s is unvoiced: anise paradise promise premise treatise (a secondary pronunciation with /z/ is given in the OED) valise (American) vise Some of you may be surprised to see expertise listed with the nouns in which the s has the /z/ sound. The pronunciation of expertise with the unvoiced s is rampant on American television, but both the OED and Merriam-Webster Unabridged agree that the pronunciation is [EK-spur-TEEZ]. Some other dictionaries now list the unvoiced pronunciation as an acceptable alternative, but Charles Elster is having none of it: †Careful speakers should make an extra effort to hold the line on this one [EK-spur-TEEZ].† –The Big Book of BEASTLY Mispronunciations, page 189. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"One Fell SwoopPrepositions to Die With

Sentence Combining With Adjectives and Adverbs

Sentence Combining With Adjectives and Adverbs In this exercise well apply the basic strategies outlined in Introduction to Sentence Combining. Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one adjective or adverb (or both). Omit words that are needlessly repeated, but dont leave out any important details. If you run into any problems, you may find it helpful to review the following pages: Adding Adjectives and Adverbs to the Basic Sentence UnitIntroduction to Sentence Combining After completing the exercise, compare your new sentences with the original sentences in the paragraph on page two. Keep in mind that many combinations are possible, and in some cases you may prefer your own sentences to the original versions. Marthas Departure Martha waited on her front porch.She waited patiently.She wore a bonnet and a calico dress.The bonnet was plain.The bonnet was white.The dress was long.She watched the sun sink beyond the fields.The fields were empty.Then she watched the light in the sky.The light was thin.The light was white.The sky was distant.She listened for the sound.She listened carefully.The sound was soft.The sound was familiar.A ship descended through the evening air.The ship was long.The ship was silver.The ship descended suddenly.The evening air was warm.Martha picked up her purse.The purse was small.The purse was black.She picked it up calmly.The spaceship landed in the field.The spaceship was shiny.It landed smoothly.The field was empty.Martha walked toward the ship.She walked slowly.She walked gracefully.Minutes later, the field was silent again.The field was dark again.The field was empty again. After you have completed the exercise, compare your new sentences with the original sentences in the paragraph on page two. Heres the student paragraph that served as the basis for the sentence combining exercise on page one. Marthas Departure (original paragraph) Martha waited patiently on her front porch. She wore a plain white bonnet and a long calico dress. She watched the sun sink beyond the empty fields. Then she watched the thin, white light in the distant sky. Carefully, she listened for the soft, familiar sound. Suddenly through the warm evening air a long silver ship descended. Martha calmly picked up her small black purse. The shiny spaceship landed smoothly in the empty field. Slowly and gracefully, Martha walked toward the ship. Minutes later, the field was again dark, silent, and empty.

Challenges women face moving up to executive positions Research Paper

Challenges women face moving up to executive positions - Research Paper Example ansparent barrier that [keeps] women from rising above a certain level in organizations† (Sools, van Engen and Baerveldt, 2003) the glass ceiling is often blamed for the phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to explore the careers of Midwestern women who hold prominent positions in their respective industries to understand the progression of their careers and the obstacles they faced during. This study attempts to research and answer two questions: a) What challenges have women faced in the past 30 years? b) What opportunities for women have developed in the past 30 years? This research paper is limited to the information gained by interviewing two Midwestern female executives; the secondary data collected is based around that information. The time-frame allotted for the research also restricted a more extensive study. This research has allowed me to study this topic in great detail. However, it is based on my own understanding of the research materials and is subject to my inexperience. The conclusions drawn are intended to be my opinion and in no way expected to be the final word on this evolving subject matter. Furthermore, the topic is very sensitive and susceptible to bias and there may be unintentional proclivity towards one way of thinking. That said, this paper should be taken in the educational purpose intended and should be used as basis for further research. For the primary research, raw data was collected by way of conducting two interviews. The candidates were selected based on their years of experience, career progression and expertise. Each of these women, belonging to two very different fields, started from the very rudimentary department and progressed through the ranks to reach the level they are at today. I initially got in touch with them via email, sharing my purpose and questions of study and scheduled interview time and location. I preferred meeting them face-to-face for a more thorough interview and to have a better understanding.

CV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

CV - Essay Example I now know that architecture is what I was born to do, and I will pursue this goal wherever it takes me. My educational achievements, along with extracurricular activities, prove that I am a committed and hard-working person in all aspects of my life. I had the privilege of studying at Kingston University in London due to the generosity of the Saudi Arabian government, which gave me a full scholarship. During my training experiences, I was able to get along with my co-workers and learn how to fit into a team. The specific activities that I had the opportunity to perform include model making and sketching. When I received training at Retaj Consulting & Engineering last summer, I interned in the architectural department. Please refer to my resume for more information and do not hesitate to contact me if there is anything that you would like to discuss with me. Thank you for taking the time to consider my application and I look forward to hearing your response

Courtroom Group Essay Example for Free

Courtroom Group Essay In the following essay will talk about the participants in a courtroom. How do they work on a daily basis and what changes would I recommend. Also what is the role of the prosecutor? How does a prosecutor determine which cases to pursue? Also what are some solutions to backlog of cases? According to Schmallager (2011), criminal trial participants are dividing in two categories that are professionals and outsiders. The professional are the people who work in the courtroom. They are well trained to conduct the business of the court; for example; prosecuting attorneys, judges, defense attorneys and others who work in the courtroom falls into this category. They are also known as courtroom work group. The outsiders are those who temporarily are involved with the court, but they are not familiar with the court organization and procedures. Outsiders include jurors and witnesses, also defendants and victims. Judges has primary duty. It is describe as follows: the judge is responsible for the right of the individual and the interest of the administration of criminal justice. The purpose of the criminal trial is to be sure the prosecution has established the law as required. Judges holds the ultimate authority and ruling in law. The defense is the attorney that specialized in criminal law. He is responsible of representing the accused after being arrested and make sure his or her rights are not violated during the process. As a good reader I would recommend the courtroom group to lower the work load. What I mean is to try to hear less case a day, but I understand that criminal cases have increased tremendously. According to Schmallager (2011), the prosecutor is called the district attorney, state’s attorney, and commonwealth attorney, county attorney or solicitor. The prosecutor’s role is to protect the right of the public. The prosecutor represents the entire community, attempting to ensure their safety from the wrongful actions of criminal. The goal protective responsibility plays out in the context of the criminal trial, from the contemplation of initial changes before the trial, the activities during the trial, and through post-trial sentencing recommendations. Prosecutors are elected to serve during four years with the possibility of continuing. Prosecutors supervise a group of assistants who are district attorneys and does most in-court work. The prosecutor role is to advise the local police departments. Prosecutors are sensitive when it comes to the kind of information they need to conviction, they help with the police investigation and help detective identify witnesses and evidence. This role is limited. At the time of the trial the prosecutor presents the state’s case against the defendant. They introduce the evidence against the accused and argue in favor of the conviction. The defendant is innocent until proven guilty. Before a case comes to trial, the prosecutor has to decide if accept a plea bargain, for example; divert the accused to a private or public social service, ask the suspect to look for counseling or dismiss the case for lack of evidence. Prosecutor play significant role before grand jury. Some states use the grand jury depend on the evidence the prosecutor brings before them. The prosecutor decides which witness to call. The prosecutor does not end with the finding guilt or innocence. They are allowed to make sentencing recommendations to the judge. They can argue the accused criminal record. The prosecutor responsibility of a minister of justice and not simply that an advocate; the prosecutor duty is to look for justice, not merely to convict. The responsibility has specific obligations, is to see if defendant is accorded procedural justice and guilty is decided upon sufficient evidence. Usually a prosecutor tries to prove that the accused is guilty of an offense to determine based on beyond the reasonable doubt is the case pursued. According to Smith (2010), the criminal justice funnel refers to a number of cases that still haven’t being resolved until a percentage has to be through trials. The criminal justice funnel is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. Some cases might be dismissed while others are required to go for counseling. Another way of explaining the criminal funnel is to say that there are more crimes than inmates. This process has its limitation of amount of offenders incarcerated and in court. The result of the funnel justice is a small numbers of criminal researching for trial. The decreased of people incarcerated and trials the criminal justice system would save money and man hours. The less serious crime offenders are given probation, where they are incarcerated for another violation or committing another crime. Many of the cases are dismissed due to the lack of evidence or pleas are bargained. In conclusion the criminal funnel backlog is not just to setback of the judiciary. The backlog cases obstruct the access of justice which is considered the basic human rights. The backlog in a court means a heavy case which is not able to hear or try cases in a certain time manner because the cases docked is over the court capacity. References Schmalleger, F. (2011). Criminal Justice today: An Introductory text for the 21 century (11th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix e-Books Collection database. Smith, A. (2010) what is Criminal Justice Funnel? Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/facts_6870601_criminal-justice-funnel_.html