Revenge is a Dish Best Served Cold Blog Response Essay

Revenge is an intriguing part of humanity because it is often a judge of character. The spontaneous reaction of someone towards the person who wronged them, whether to seek revenge or choose to turn the other cheek, reveals one’s character. Situations in where we are mistreated can also be viewed as some sort of test because although everyone is capable of revenge, in a moment of rage it is much more difficult to have restraint. Francis Bacon states that while revenge may be justifiable, it is unwise. In his essay he says: â€Å"That which is past is gone, and irrevocable; and wise men have enough to do with things present and to come; therefore they do but trifle with themselves that labour in past matters.† Bacon thinks is wiser to move on with life and look ahead instead of being stuck in the past, wasting one’s time. Sometimes revenge is necessary to stand for rights or beliefs, an example of this could be a revolution, but we need to learn to pick our battles sensibly. In terms of practicality, I agree with Bacon’s opinions of revenge; I think it is wiser to let someone pay for their wronging than to try and take matters into your own hands. But in reality the world is not all that practical; taking revenge is such a natural emotion that often times if revenge is not accomplished, it feels like a failure. But encouraging revenge is dangerous because of its uncanny ability to snowball and become an evil habit. I agree that we need to be wary of revenge as it can lead to ruining your own life. Bacon appeals the idea in his essay: â€Å"This is certain that a man that studieth revenge, keeps his own wounds green, which otherwise would heal, and do well.† Instead of allowing revenge to take over our lives I think that we should allow the action to suffer the consequences; taking the pa th of justice instead.

History of Accounting Essay

The name that looms largest in early accounting history is Luca Pacioli, who in 1494 first described the system of double-entry bookkeeping used by Venetian merchants in his Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita. Of course, businesses and governments had been recording business information long before the Venetians. But it was Pacioli who was the first to describe the system of debits and credits in journals and ledgers that is still the basis of today’s accounting systems. The industrial revolution spurred the need for more advanced cost accounting systems, and the development of corporations created much larger classes of external capital providers – shareownersand bondholders – who were not part of the firm’s management but had a vital interest in its results. The rising public status of accountants helped to transform accounting into a profession, first in the United Kingdom and then in the United States. In 1887, thirty-one accountants joined together to create the American Association of Public Accountants. The first standardized test for accountants was given a decade later, and the first CPAs were licensed in 1896. The Great Depression led to the creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1934. Henceforth all publicly-traded companies had to file periodic reports with the Commission to be certified by members of the accounting profession. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and its predecessors had responsibility for setting accounting standards until 1973, when the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was established. The industry thrived in the late 20th century, as the large accounting firms expanded their services beyond the traditionalauditing function to many forms of consulting. The Enron scandals in 2001, however, had broad repercussions for the accounting industry. One of the top firms, Arthur Andersen, went out of business and, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, accountants faced tougher restrictions on their consulting engagements. One of the paradoxes of the profession, however, is that accounting scandals generate more work for accountants, and demand for their services continued to boom throughout the early part of the 21st century.

Digital Education

Essay On Online Vs Traditional Education Working adults and stay-home parents looking to further their education may use online education as a resourceful tool to extract a better learning environment. In today’s society, online education is designed specifically for working adults and stay home parents with busy schedules and social responsibility. Some employers are now demanding more education from their employees along with in field experience than ever before and the job market is increasing competitive for those who want to succeed in their career.Traditional Learning provides the oldest method of education. Allowing the student to see the professor face to face and ask pertinent questions concerning their classes. Students have the ability to meet with other students for study groups and friendship. During my research, students who choose the traditional method of education believed that the face-to-face students enjoy the ability to learn with others, allows for class instruction, presentations, live speaking and they love the ability to get to know their instructors. Relevant materials: How Businesses Can Learn From Text MiningStudents in the face-to-face courses are able to get together in study groups that help them achieve better in testing. On-line Learning provides new age technology to widen the educational scope. With new age technology, I sense enormous excitement about the promise of online learning to prepare today’s students to succeed in an increasingly technology-driven global economy. Prospective students are facing a new kind of college experience — online education. It employs portable devices, computers and PDA’s to facilitate learning.With advances in information technology, portable devices, computers and PDA’s have traditionally been seen as a way of carrying information in a more convenient format, with longer battery life than a laptop computer and less weight than a bag full of reference books. Virtual classroom settings and message boards offer a variety of learning techniques. A setting usually contains an electronic whiteboard. The instructor presents instruction and interacts with students in real-time. Virtual classrooms include chat functions and often the ability for participants to speak to one another.It also, it allows student to learning without having to commute. For those students who are not able to attend their regular classes and colleges can easily carry with their higher education through online education mode of study. Students can create study environment of their like, they can make their own schedule; they can carry education while on the move, along with business they can pursue with their higher education. Best practices, a sustainable effort to extract and establish the best learning environment.Online is a quickly growing means of education for all students. It allows students to work and learn at their own pace without the unyielding time restrictions of traditional learning. Online education provides access to learning materials at any time. This allows students the flexibility to schedule their learning around families, jobs and other activities. Technology also provides accessibility and time management. Working while going to school is the potential applicability that studies may have on your job.In other words, it’s one thing to go to class and learn about something in theory, and it’s another to take that theory and put it into practice. Students who work can apply their newly acquired knowledge immediately to their jobs; they can also focus their studies on the kinds of real-world problems that professionals face daily in the workplace. It collaborates both students and teachers just alike from across the globe. No technological invention in the history of man has connected the people of the world like the Internet.While there is still a huge disparity between those who have access to the Internet and those who don't, the mere fact that any of us can communicate across the globe speaks to the importance of this medium. Many times the web sites we visit in a course are based in another country. What better place to find out about the works of Michelangelo than to go to Italy (virtually, of course)? What better way to learn about the Amazon rain forest or the history of China or the customs of islanders in the South Pacific than to visit those places online?And if you participate in global learning days or other online events, you may even meet and make friends with someone in another country. It is a small world, after all. The point is that we live in a diverse-changing world that is ripe with new possibility. The ability to learn new information or a new skill whenever you want and wherever you want offers far greater opportunities for education than ever before. The scope and reach of education broadens to far greater horizons that perhaps ever imagined. ______________________________________________REVIEW I'd like to begin, if I may, by just clearing up a couple of things. Onlin e education is not a tool to extract a better learning environment. Learning environments aren't extracted with tools. A spade, however, is a tool that can be used to extract a potato from the ground. The important thing to know about potatoes, however, is that whether they are good or blighted is independent of the specific tool of extraction. Online education is also not one thing. The Khan Academy provides free educational videos.Stanford provides free online educational courses. EssayJudge. com provides brilliantly insightful reviews. (Honest! ) Then there's a galaxy of pseudo-educational sites and lousy overpriced university sites and fraudulent degree mills for the gullible and the desperate and the cheaters and the pretentious and the ne'er-do-wells. So if you want to compare online education with traditional education, you need to be clearer about what exactly you mean by online education. Online education facilitates plagiarism.For instance you can go to sites that list the seven benefits of online education or the ten advantages of online courses and then cut and paste into your own essay, without attribution, vapid sentences like: â€Å"What better way to learn about the Amazon rain forest or the history of China or the customs of islanders in the South Pacific than to visit those places online? † or â€Å"Students who work can apply their newly acquired knowledge immediately to their jobs; they can also focus their studies on the kinds of real-world problems that professionals face daily in the workplace. â€Å"

Speak like a chemist Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Speak like a chemist - Case Study Example these huge clouds of smoke from exhausts of motor vehicles is responsible for dark atmospheres in Los Angeles and is the one that makes it very difficult for people to see even some times making it impossible to see objects as near as twenty metres away (Becerra et al., 2013). The same smoke causes damage to crops in that the fine carbon particles finally rest or settle on the leaves of the plants within the locality and cover tiny pores on the leaves referred to as stomata. These tiny pores are very essential for the plants and help the plants to lose excessive water while at the same time helping the plant to access direct sunlight which enables the plants to make their own food through photosynthesis. Once these pores are blocked, it becomes difficult for the plants to lose excessive water and at the same time makes it difficult for the plant to make its own food, hence the plants finally die. Moreover, the smoke from busy traffic irritates the eyes and makes them to start tearing, not forgetting the bad smell that is associated with some forms of air pollution in Los Angeles (Becerra et al., 2013). This explanation has a similar meaning to the original explanation offered in before further explanation, but the explanation appears to be much simpler to understand, especially for a lay man. The accuracy of the information still remains, but the use of scientific terms is minimized as much as possible. The information in the explanation therefore becomes easy to

PR individual presentation(Case study) Speech or Presentation

PR individual (Case study) - Speech or Presentation Example For this reason, it should be rooted in the reality and connect with citizen as well as the world. A strong country brand helps to boost exports, tourism, foreign direct invest and public diplomacy. A good example is Rwanda, and the genocide was extremely damaging to the country’s image at international and regional levels. After the country had gained economic stability, branding was essential in order to clear the country image. As a result, the economy growth was 129% while tourism increased by 183%. As the brand drive economy, a strong country brand is paramount because they complement each other. Developing strong country brands requires commitment of all the stakeholders in the country. Branding is not just about having good infrastructure to attract foreign investors and tourist. It is creating a high spirit that runs through the people because they are the face of the brand. Globalization has resulted to stiff competition among the country brand; therefore, it is vital for countries to continue shaping and reshaping their identities in order to remain competitive. We should understand reasons a state is chosen over the other for tourism or foreign direct investments. The same strategy a consumer uses to select a product brand, a country brand is subjected. Just like how users choose their favorite toothpaste or banks, country brands are analyzed using the same

Philosophy of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Philosophy of Nursing - Essay Example From this essay it is clear that the patient is a recipient of care, including physical, spiritual, psychological, and socio-cultural components. The nurse–client relationship is a connection intended to improve the well- being of a customer, which may be an individual, a family, community, or a group. Peplau's hypothesis is of high importance to the medical attendant customer relationship, with one of its important perspectives being that both the medical caretaker and the customer turn out to be more educated and develop through the span of their relationship. He trusted that the relationship relied on upon the collaboration of the contemplations, emotions, and activities of every individual and that the patient will experience better well-being when all their particular needs are met in their relationship.According to the report findings the environment is all inner and outside conditions, circumstances, and impacts influencing the individual wellbeing.   Difficult circum stances led to ill health and diseases, for instance, cholera. The environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws would allow healing to occur. Florence Nightingale’s Legacy of caring Focuses on nursing and the patient environment relationship. She served as a medical caretaker amid the Crimean War, at that time she watches a relationship between the patients who kicked the bucket and their ecological conditions. As an aftereffect of her perceptions, the Environment Theory of nursing was conceived.  

Strategic isuues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic isuues - Essay Example rder to analyze the strategic position of Toyota, we would evaluate the political scenario, the company’s economic position, the social impacts, the technological position, position in automobile industry and the stakeholder’s influence (Lees and Technical Information Service, 2008, p.1). Considering the political influence on Toyota as a part of its external environment, the company has lot of friends on both the parties of federal government in Washington, D.C and has a record of considerable political donations given for the campaign of several political leaders who have been good friend to the company (U.S News Rankings & Reviews, 2010, p.1). Toyota has taken over General Motors in 2012 and has reclaimed its position as the world’s biggest car-maker. Toyota’s sale rose by 22% in 2012 as compared to General Motors’ 2.9%. Toyota has sold 9.7 million cars and trucks worldwide in 2012 (TheStreet, 2013, p.1). Toyota’s corporate culture has placed them in a position which focuses at adding value to current and future generations of the world, promote activities leading to social contribution, maintain healthy environment with the people, government and its internal human resources (Vezjak, Stuhler and  Mulej, 1997, p.25). Toyota’s global vision has been to be an industry leader in tackling technological advances. This has put Toyota in a leading position to integrate information technology with automobiles in producing quality products like world’s best cars which are having original designs and advanced technology. Toyota’s strong value chain, continuous effort of reducing non-value added activities, strong inbound and outbound logistics, suppliers and creditors, strong equations with distributors, strategies for trade association and activists have put them in a position of world leader in automobile. The sales growth of Toyota which rose to 22% in 2012 has dethroned General motors’ from the position of industry leader. The total equity of

Money , its for a History of economic thought class Essay

Money , its for a History of economic thought class - Essay Example Money is the difference between that person who is sleeping hungry and that one who affords to have his pets on a special diet. In this sense, it is the promoter of inequality. Once inequality checks in, the consequences are unlimited there is anger, dissatisfaction, deception and every other emotion and act that epitomizes dissent. It is at this point that â€Å"money costs too much†. This is because it gets to a point where it costs life, peace and relationships. The focus of this essay is on relationships the concern is how money comes between people, how money blurs our sight that we soon forget the emotional, patriotic and sometimes blood bond that hold us together. The essence of this inquiry has been informed throughout the semester, having the opportunity to journalize different experiences regarding money has really brought to the fore the value we place on money. This is because unless we place too much value on money higher than the value we place on our social rela tions then it would never be possible for money to downplay our relations. Unfortunately, the exposure I have had throughout this course and the materials I have read have brought to the fore the disheartening truth that money has a much greater force, it costs too much. Economically, money is considered a medium of exchange the means through which we are able to acquire different goods and services. Historically, it has not always been represented by coins and notes but at some point gold and other valuable metals were the preferred means of exchange. However, history teaches us that the problem has not been with the nature but on the value placed on these materials. Any material in which extreme value has been placed has thrown people into frenzy they are continually interested in amassing that which has value. The burst of the Mississippi bubble brings this act of desperation and thirst for value into perspective. It depicts the race to hold that which has value and disposing tha t which has less value. This has been a historical trend, one that has only aggravated over time, the fundamental question is at what cost? The answer may not be as a definite, but it is evident, it is at a much higher cost. Over the past few months I have been able to watch the documentary â€Å"inside job†. The film directed by Charles Ferguson traces the root of the financial crises that only became so apparent in 2007-8. However, following the film clearly illustrates that the financial crises had been ongoing for a while. The signs had been there of a slowdown but were largely ignored. The reason for this ignorance is the basis of this study. The crisis was driven by a need to compound on gains made, a need to amass assets that were being speculated to appreciate in value. Given the capital limitation enforced by the market dynamics, people had to borrow and banks, which are also the primary lenders had to lend for speculative purposes and had also to invest in these spe culations. In any case, the banks were the first to participate in these speculative ventures. The result was an imbalance between the asset base and money borrowed by investments banks. At the end, the speculative ventures never bore the anticipated results and the banks were left indebted. People who had entrusted their hard earned money had lost their confidence on the very people who represented a chance of higher value. This

Management Strategy and Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Strategy and Policy - Research Paper Example UAE based Emaar Properties is a Public Joint Stock Company (PJSC) focusing on property development as well as lifestyles related services. Established in 1997, it has grown to become one of the largest property developers in the whole of Middle-East Asia. (â€Å"About Emaar†). It became a PJSC in 2007, after Dubai government garnered around 32% equity stake in Emaar, by exchanging with the sizable prime land. Although its prime focus is property development, it has over 60 companies under its wings, with each company operating in different business sectors, offering varied services including in the sectors like hospitality & leisure, shopping malls, healthcare, education and financial services. (â€Å"Board of Directors†). Apart from its main operations in UAE, EMAAR has expanded geographically doing projects and offering services in many key Asian countries like Saudi Arabia, India, Syria, Pakistan, etc., African countries like Egypt, Morocco, etc., as well as the Unit ed States and Canada. It has developed some of the globally well-known and prominent landmarks of UAE. The list includes Downtown Dubai, â€Å"the 500-acre mega-project, home of Burj Khalifa – the world’s tallest building which features the world’s first Armani Hotel Dubai and the world’s highest restaurant, At.mosphere† and also Dubai Mall, which is regarded as the â€Å"world’s largest shopping and entertainment destination†. (â€Å"About Emaar†). By diversifying into new sectors, it is posed to tap many opportunities in other sectors as well. Porter’s five force analysis Degree of rivalry Construction is a segmented industry implying there are many firms at various levels. EMAAR also has its rivals specifically Nakheel, ALDAR and Dubai properties etc. However, EMAAR enjoys a unique brand image as compared to its peers as it has emerged as a luxury brand. It has been associated with high quality construction catering t o higher end groups. It has created an exclusive position for itself by building the world’s tallest building called Burj Khalifa in Dubai which was completed in 2010 despite the world financial meltdown post its launch in 2008 (Oxford Business Group). Hence, the degree of rivalry is low for this group in UAE. Threat of substitutes The group has targeted high end real estate development. Hence within this segment there are usually very few substitutes as a customer is generally looking at a particular type of property and location which cannot be replaced easily. However, during economic

Critically review the situation at RestaurantCo and identify the Essay

Critically review the situation at RestaurantCo and identify the strengths and weaknesses of its approach to managing human reso - Essay Example Theoretically, the dimension of Human Resource Management (HRM) helps in linking the functions of human resource with the determined organisational objectives in order to improve the performance of the organisation on the whole. Apart from linking the human resource functions with the strategic objectives of the firm, it further assists the organization in establishing a proper understanding amidst the superiors and the supervisors working within it. HRM further helps in maintaining a coordinated relation between the external factors that contribute substantially to the organizational development and success (Bratton, n.d.). With the continually growing significance and complexities in the HRM dimension, the adaption of Employees Involvement and Participation (EIP) is often argued to contribute in differentiating a company’s internal strengths by enhancing the flexibility of the workforce to adjust with the external business environmental changes. The notion behind the concept of EIP concentrates on the fact that effective involvement and participation of the workforce would lead towards the achievement of the organizational goals and efficiencies. The concept of measuring the formal and informal EIP link further can be regarded as an important part of any organization, as it helps in evaluating the employees performances over a certain standard of time, in comparison with pre-set standards or goals. Formal EIP is further considered to be those practises, where the managers of a department consult with the employees before implementing a new work practice within the set working environment; whereas, informal EIP signifies that decision-making process, where the managers do not follow any formal procedure to gather suggestions from the subordinates (Storey, 2007). In this essay, the discussion henceforth will intend to critically evaluate the situation of RestaurantCo and to identify the strengths and weakness of its approaches thereon. The discussion wil l further aim at assessing links between corporate strategies, culture, HR policy and management practices at the workplace level of RestaurantCo with EIP. Corporate Strategies and Culture In corporate strategies, authority is considered to be highly important to practice an effective decision making procedure. Authority is generally considered as an obligation to act on behalf of a department or agency or any higher level of authority within an organization. Furthermore, authority is the key to the managerial job; they endure the right of indulging into the decision-making process being in the top level management. Delegation of authority is basically the process of allocating the work and transferring the rights from the higher authority to the lower level employees within an organizational context that inculcates EIP related aspects to a considerable extent. This form of strategy is usually adapted by the top level management when there is an over load of work or is viewed in lar ge industries where assigning managers for a single department is very essential maintaining a linkage between the organisation’s short-term or long-term objectives and the workforce performances. Correspondingly, it has been viewed that today’

Libyan Negotiations to Join the World Trade Organization Dissertation

Libyan Negotiations to Join the World Trade Organization - Dissertation Example The World Trade Organization was developed as the successor of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT was initially developed as an international organization dealing with multilateral agreements that focus on economic cooperation on a worldwide level. It was developed together with the Bretton Woods institutions – the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. When it was established, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade were merely composed on twenty-three members. As time passed by, the membership therein has increased to fifty which in turn also launched the initiatives pertaining to the establishment of the World Trade Organization. As reflected in the earlier parts of this introduction, the establishment of the World Trade Organization is premised on its capacity to enforce global trading by providing important rules and regulations related thereto. The proponents of the World Trade Organization ha ve then been responsible for the development of the charter of the former. In the same manner, they are also given the task to come up with bilateral or multilateral agreements that cover the following in the international arena: (1) labor, (2) business practices, and (3) investments. Finally, the members of the World Trade Organization are also concerned with the significant reduction of trade restrictions so as to be able to properly implement the tenets of free trade, as envisioned by the World Trade Organization.... ablishment of the World Trade Organization is premised on its capacity to enforce global trading by providing important rules and regulations related thereto. The proponents of the World Trade Organization have then been responsible for the development of the charter of the former. In the same manner, they are also given the task to come up with bilateral or multilateral agreements that cover the following in the international arena: (1) labor, (2) business practices, and (3) investments. Finally, the members of the World Trade Organization are also concerned with the significant reduction of trade restrictions so as to be able to properly implement the tenets of free trade, as envisioned by the World Trade Organization. 8 9 The establishment of the World Trade Organization has likewise been propelled by the aftermath of the two World Wars.10 Indeed, countries all over the world have identified the two World Wars as well as the Great Depression as the darkest years in the history of human kind.11 It is in relation to this fact that they have considered the significance undertaking various steps in order to promote progress.12 Parenthetically, the establishment of international institutions is premised on the need to promote not just global peace but also, global prosperity. Once again, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the predecessor of the World Trade Organization was primarily established as an avenue where disputes related to trade can be submitted.13 14 The immediate and effective resolution of these trade disputes is deemed of paramount importance in the attempt to reduce the chances of another World War. The complicated issue related to globalization is one of the major sources of disputes amongst countries. As a result thereof, it is of utmost

Employee Participation Essay Example for Free

Employee Participation Essay Of all the subjects controlled by the societal, public, and employment strategy set by the European Union (EU), the intrinsic worth of implementing worker participation in the administration of businesses on a wide extent has turned out to be highly contentious over the years. The stipulations put forward by the EU, for example, equivalent opportunities for employees as that of employers, operational or working timing, and unusual contracts, all of them, time and again, have triggered disagreements amid employers. Despite the fact that an increasing number of organizations are turning out to be of interest in employee participation as a possible measure for expanding labor efficiency and trimming down nonattendance, staff resignation rate, and rate of recurrence of industrial disagreements. Considered as the most hostile and invasive, is that kind of employee participation, which outwardly inflicts constrictions on the management’s perquisites or their privilege for that matter. Traditional executives dread, though, that due to the pressures on an employee participation system, grounding on their temporary, peculiar interests would, among other things, steer to too much wage upsurge. These could possibly lead to a decline of internal principal on hand for investing or capital spending in the short run and for moving the available capital out of the country in the long run. It is much unexpected that there has been very slight economic evaluation of the present familiarity with employee participation. The majority of researches have dealt with the topic entirely from a philosophical, historical, or sociological perspective. (Svejnar, pp. 1, n. d. ) Recently, employee participation has grown into a central point in labor-management discourse and a significant matter on the European political arena. (Raskin, n. p. , 1976) In certain countries systemized work force has been revealing an urge for involvement in management, as a way of democratizing the whole business systems and policies. Lately, though, this gravity has intensified, nonetheless, creating numerous problems, which are in fact, compounded by a number of reasons, one, and a very major, of which is the utter assortment of standing official and legal frameworks within the associate states of the EU. Various Systems followed by the EU Member States Considering the member states of the EU, the employee participation and representation at executive level, for instance, is obligatory in private corporations situated in Germany, Austria, Luxembourg, and most Scandinavian countries. On the other hand, countries like France and the Netherlands practice the ‘hybrid form’, while there are still others like Greece and Spain, which allow for this kind of system only in the communal or public sector. In contrast, countries such as, Italy, Belgium and the UK constitute no stipulation at all. (EIRO, pp. I-IV, 1998) The principles and conventions regulating works councils and coalition representation at workplace or sub-executive levels evenly complicated. In the Scandinavian countries, Italy, Ireland and the UK, there happens to be ‘single channels’ of representation via the joint associations. In case of ‘dual channel’ system of representation, the employees are spoken for by work councils, which function beside the unions. In countries like France and Belgium, the manager presides over the work council; however in the majority of other countries, for example Portugal, the Netherlands, and Germany, the work councils simply contain employee representatives. On the other hand, in Ireland and the UK, employee representation has conventionally been identified merely on a voluntary base, even though elsewhere it is regulated by established rules or communal agreements. Rationales The concepts of a ‘democratic organization’, ‘employee involvement and ‘employee participation’ have sustained arguments and disagreements. The degree to which the management is ready to let their employees to take part in matters concerning decisions about their lives at work is in fact one of the most complicated, vibrant debated features of employment relations as they have developed in technologically advanced countries. All concerned parties differ in their interests and viewpoints. In general, the managers suppose that the employees should be assimilated into organization’s frameworks to make certain that they realize the organization’s intentions, targets and objectives and can add into its success. Unions, on the other hand, may possibly be keen to hold out their impact over the management’s decision making to making sure that their own priorities, for example power over work patterns, or in cases when employment patterns are stable, are suitably met. System Followed by Germany The system of employee participation is developed and regulated by the German co-determination law. This law making has its origin in the Weimar Constitution of 1919, which, grounded on a social-democratic philosophy, created constraints on personal rights over possessions and took care for the social privileges and entitlement to life of its people. Under the Article No. 65 of the very Constitution, it was publicly stated that the waged working staff was to be granted correspondence with managers in settling with salaries and working circumstances and to be allowed a full opportunity to express opinions when deciding the overall economic advancement. The 1920 Works Councils Act specified that organizations with no less than twenty workers ought to set up a works council made up of representatives opted for at workplaces, which consult with the board on the carrying out of business objectives. Two years later, the directive was revised to allow works council representation of a couple of their members in directorial management of corresponding organizations and restricted involvement in the board’s decision making process. These were the fundamental developments that molded the base for co-determination law. Both the Weimar Constitution and the Works Council were done away with as the Nazi’s rule made its entrance. The directive, on the other hand, was revitalized in the shape of the Coal, Iron and Steel Industry Co-determination Act of 1951. The Act was originally designed for the coal and steel firms employing greater than a thousand employees but then later, in 1976, the Co-determination Act enfolding all large organizations was legislated and is presently in effect. In case of major and significant organizations, the present structure grants for an equal number of twenty representatives to in the same way be represented by stockholders and employees, with the stockholders decided on at the general stockholders’ meeting. The worker representatives include delegates from workers’ associations and those chosen from all the different levels of workers. The twofold technique of industrial relations in Germany has maintained collective bargaining and the ascertaining of salary and specifications, not together with the subject of participation for example information release, discussions, meetings and co-determination. Here the industrial relations system has been portrayed as ‘sanctioned, integrated, and cooperative’. Focusing on the effects of employee participatory system in Germany, regarding the wages, both in short and long-run, the representation is said to be quite a fruitful one, because it gives evident examples of several participatory systems from the post World War II events to the Co determination law of 1951, which provided employees with 50% representation on the executive boards. The very Act is also said to have created the rank of a labor director on the management panels of all corporations. Despite of the fact that the employee participatory and representative groups in Germany were considered as distinct from the trade unions and the process of wage determination, an uncertainty comes up that whether their effect on wages was in fact missing. In real, there happens to be a considerable connection between unions and the employee representative groups in relation to their workforce, their objectives and activities. But without any reason, it is said that the union and board representatives diverge substantially in their opinions as to the influence of employee participation and representation on wages. Having a unique system of employee participation in corporate management, the German corporate system is said to have some gain. The very advantage appears when it is about effectively testing out and verifying mistreatments by the management. The German corporate system is a twofold one, where the administrative management performs the role of corporate surveillance, whereas the executive board accountable for execution. Originally, the Co determination Act was envisioned to arbitrate the possible disagreements or conflicting interests between the employees and employers and was highly in the favor of workforce. Currently it has been moving on, assuming to an increased level, the function of managing the corporate administration. Although there is some disapproval regarding the fact that the legislation has mislaid its essence with reported circumstances where the board treated employee representatives, in a way to high officials accommodated for and by them, it stays to be a considerable extent to elevate the understanding of societal responsibilities and obligations amid corporate managers and their movements for public causes. (Otsuka, pp. 3, 2006) System followed in the UK In the UK, the whole world is observed through a prism of collective bargaining by unions, which has provided industrial relations with an argumentative placement. Contrasting with the ‘sanctioned, integrated, and cooperative’ industrial relations followed in Germany, the UK’s system is ‘voluntary, dispersed, and opposition-based’. (William, pp. V, 1988) However, such divergences haven’t been taken much into consideration by the Commission of the European Communities, when it is time for them to propose systems of employee participation. In the year 1970, the European company statute and the Fifth directive were founded widely on the basis of the German model but did not have much appeal for the UK. Moreover, amid the important factors, particularly governments, point of views regarding employee participation have gone through periods of interest and aggression. Taking successive UK governments as instances, the governments in the 1970s, both the Conservative and Labour, were normally in favour of the propositions included in the European company statute and the Fifth directive for employee participation and representation at management’s level. But on the other hand, in the 1980s and 1990s, the Conservative governments were unbendingly against all systems of employee participation, even though these situations were, as a minimum, partly looked over when the succeeding Labour government, in 1997, endorsed the social chapter, and in so doing established European Works Councils into the UK. (Gold, pp. 2 , n. d. ) If looked upon in the past, the Commission has been prosperous in achieving approval for the system of employee participation when it is connected with certain areas of industrial relations. According to the 1975 directive on collective redundancies, the employers are required to notify employee representatives concerning the particulars and to refer to them with a view to pursuing an agreement. Then there was an ‘acquired rights directive’ of 1977, after that, the ‘health and safety framework directive’ of 1989, which provided the employees the privilege to acquire information on threat considerations and safety measures. More recently, the statute adopted in 2004, provides employee representatives in the organizations included several rights to information and consultation without any bias. However, the implementation of all these employee rights has time and again, proved challenging in the UK, because the commandments put away the characterization of ‘employee representatives’ up to the state’s legislation. Under the critical environment of sinking union membership, and prior to the arrival of legislative stipulations for union recognition, leave alone worker representation, this has implied that managers frequently do not possess representatives to advise or consult. In 1994, the European Court of Justice, brought forward two litigations against the UK for failing to suitably implement the directives passed in 1975, and the transfer of responsibilities, instructed that it was mandatory for all the EU states to establish appropriate systems for assigning suitable employee representatives. In the UK, the Bullock Committee was established by the government to assess the matter of executive-level employee representation, but managers and several other officials of the labour movement proved intimidating, and the Conservative governments voted for during the course of 1980s and 1990s ruled out any possibility of lawmaking on the issue, as it has a need of an undisputed, common vote on the Council. Nonetheless, a Green Paper was published in 1975, by the Commission, to inspect the major disagreements provoked. The Social and Economic Committee along with the European Parliament both argued upon the topic in detail. To close, the Commission assumed an amended text, in 1953, on the draft Fifth which has not been withdrawn officially up till now. Conclusion In my opinion, keeping in mind all the aforementioned prospects of employee participation and representation, the UK should certainly respect all the directives passed by the EU and all other Unions formed in coalition with all the European states and should give up its present times general framework, under which representation only occurs through unions, and which leaves large gaps in stipulation in those organizations where union membership is vulnerable and sometimes even non-existent. It is necessary for the UK to revive itself from being isolated in the Council, and should bring about measures in order to mobilise its blocking minority. Following the German twofold system, which is better in every way, and also being successful in introducing European Works Councils, it has been foreseen and seen respectively, by the UK employers themselves that this has enhanced their effectiveness in granting a medium for information exchange

Role Suitability and Job Performance Research

Role Suitability and Job Performance Research Introduction Role suitability and job performance are two of the key elements studied and developed by occupational psychologists, and have frequently been discussed over an extended period of time. Job performance measures an individuals ability and results in their job, taking into account their ability to use initiative, their thoroughness in completing the tasks assigned to them and the effort they put into each. (Boshoff Arnolds, 1995) Role suitability is the governing attribute looked for in interviews and recruitment and measures the individual against criteria associated with successful application in a specific job role. When considering potential employees, it is vital for companies to ensure that they employ the most effective and efficient worker for the role, whilst also ensuring that the individual will be able to shoulder the responsibilities of the work the role entails. To achieve this, occupational psychologists are employed to advise in the recruitment process. They consider the individual differences that are vital in predicting ability and behaviour within a job role. Two main factors that are considered as the main indicators in job performance are personality type and general mental ability (GMA). General mental ability tests have been used for many years as a measure of potential job performance and validated research over an 80 year period has shown that the tests correlate with job performance measures across a large variety of job roles. (Outtz, 2002) GMA is most often referred to as intelligence, though differentiates from the intelligence normally spoken about by psychologists due to its lack of genetic potential. It is more accurately portrayed as an individuals ability to learn (Hunter Schmidt, 1996) Used as a general indicator of ability, it does not measure specific aptitudes that may be involved in a job, such as numerical aptitude or verbal aptitude. Personality is the other highly regarded indicator of performance in the workplace. Early reviews into the use of personality and job performance gave negative conclusions (eg. Guion Gottier, 1965, Reilly Warech, 1993). However, more recent research has evidenced suggestions that certain job-related criteria can be predicted through the testing of personality. One advantage that it has over cognitive ability testing is that it allows an element of fairness in selection choice, due to a lack of adverse impact on employees. Method Participants The experiment was carried out by joint honours psychology and counselling students from University of Wales Trinity St David Swansea. The participants were of mixed gender, all aged 18 and over. Each participant gave full written consent before taking part in the experiment. Design The experiment was of a correlational design, set to measure whether there were any correlational effects between personality type, in particular extroversion, and their abilities at scoring on a cognitive task. The statistical analysis was carried out using IBMs SPSS program (IBM, 2013). Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) will be used to analyse the results. Cronbach alpha coefficients was used to assess the internal consistency of the BFI-10 test. Finally Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients was used to examine the relationships between the variables. Procedure Each participant firstly completed a consent form, giving full written consent as to their participation within the study. The BFI-10 questionnaire was then issued to the participant, completed, then received and recorded by the experimenter. The Sales ability task was then issued to the participant, its two parts described, then completed by the participant. These papers were then collated by the experimenters and the data entered into SPSS, where the statistical analysis would be carried out. Materials The personality type was measured using the 10 question shortened version of the Big Five Personality inventory test, the BFI-10 (Rammstedt John, 2007) as this allows for an efficient and effective measurement of personality. This is measurable through a likert scale, with five steps ranging from 1= Strongly disagree to 5= Strongly agree. It measures levels of extroversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness and emotional stability with two items (questions) linked to each personality element. The cognitive ability task was measured through an adaptation of the National Sales Aptitude Test â„ ¢ as this is a validated and trusted indicator of ability in a sales environment. The test was adapted and designed to enable us to measure the following key elements of sales ability: Communication skills, persuasive ability, resilience, customer focus, relationship building, attention to detail, problem solving ability and listening skills. These are all important elements when considering somebodys potential sales ability. The test was made up of two sections, each graded differently. Section One was graded by a number value being given to each answer provided, whereas Section Two a point was given for each correct answer. IBMs SPSS software was used to carry out all statistical analysis. A consent and debrief form were also used to gain written acceptance of participation, and to debrief the participants following the experiment. Results All participants completed both scales. The mean score on the extroversion questionnaire was 6.47 with a range from 3-10 (SD = 2.11) and the mean score on the cognitive task was 58.8 with a range from 35-78 (SD = 10.75) In order to test the hypothesis that there is a positive association between increased levels of extroversion and cognitive ability in sales, the relationship between the two was explored using a correlational analysis. The results of a Pearson product-moment correlation indicated an insignificant weak negative correlation between the two variables (r = -.079, n = 40, p = >.05) with very little association being shown between the two variables (See Figure 1). The experimental hypothesis was therefore unsupported. Figure 1. Scatter-graph showing weak negative association between variables. Reference List Rammstedt, B., John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality,41(1), 203-212. IBM Corp. Released 2013. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Boshoff, C. Arnolds, C. (1995) Some antecedents of employee commitment and their influence on job performance. South African journal of Business Management, 26(4), 125-135. Outtz, J.L., (2002) The role of cognitive ability tests in employment selection. Human Performance. 15(1/2), 161-171. Hunter, J.E., Schmidt, F.L., (1996). Intelligence and job performance: Economic and social implications. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 2, 447-472. Guion, R.M., Gottier, R.F., (1965). Validity of personality measures in personnel selection. Personnel Psychology, 18, 135-164 Reilly, R.R., Warech, M.A., (1993). The validity and fairness of alternatives to cognitive tests. In C.C. Wing B.R. Gifford (Eds.), Policy issues in employment testing. (pp. 131-224) Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.

Methods for Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis

Methods for Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis Prevention of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis Abstract: Pancreatitis is the most common and important complication of ERCP. Several risk factors exist that help to formation and progress pancreatitis. These risk factors may be factors that are related to patient, and factors that related to Procedure, or factors related to operator. All of the risk factors should be considered and as far as possible may be lowered with attention to pathogenesis of the development of post-ERCP pancreatitis. These pathogenesis are include: sphincter spasm, infection, contrast toxicity and pancreatic secretion that induce activation of proteolytic enzymes and inflammatory process. Some of methods and pharmacologic agent assessed for prevention pathogenesis pathway to decrease post-ERCP pancreatitis. Introduction: In about 75 percent of patients after endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreato-graphy (ERCP) may have elevation in serum amylase ; but acute clinical pancreatitis (defined as a clinical syndrome of abdominal pain and hyperamylasemia) is less common. However, acute pancreatitis is the important complication of ERCP and need to pay attention it to prevent from its morbidity and mortality [1]. Mechanism for post ERCP pancreatitis: The exact mechanism for PEP is unknown. It needs to be a trigger event that turn on the inflammatory process, that can be the fallowing: thermal injury from sphincterotomy, mechanical obstruction to outflow of the pancreatic secretions , papillary edema from attempted multiple cannulations, sphincterotomy etc., injury from guide wire, chemical injury of the contrast, microbiological injury due to introduction of duodenal flora into the pancreas etc [2]. Risk Factors for Post-ERCP Pancreatitis: It is important to identify cases in which there are high risks for pancreatitis that we can prevent the complications of the prophylactic method such as pancreatic stenting or pharmacological prophylaxis. Assessment of both patient- and procedure-related factors is necessary to detect the high-risk cases (Table 1) [3]. Table 1: Risk Factors for Post-ERCP Pancreatitis [3]. Definition of post ERCP pancreatitis: To diagnose PEP need to be at least two of the following criteria: Epigastric pain with radiation to the back, Elevation of amylase and / or lipase at least 3 times higher than normal. Radiological imaging that suggests pancreatitis. Amylase and lipase may have an elevation despite the patients does not has any symptom. Radiological imaging is helpful when the diagnosis is difficult [4]. Methods and pharmacologic prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis A. the Following techniques should be adhered to in order to decrease the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis: 1. Endoscopic techniques 2. Cannulation 3. Electrocautery 4. Pancreatic stenting B. Pharnacologic prophylams: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents Other anti-inflammatory agents   Allopurinol semapimod- interleukin 10- pentoxifylline- Platelet-activating factor-Epinephrine Inhibitors of pancreatic secretion: Somatostatin- Somatostatin combined with diclofenac- octerotide- calcitonin Agents that stimulate pancreatic secretion and reduce sphincter tone: Secretin Agents that reduce of sphincter tone: Nifedipine-Nitrates-Glyceryl trinitrate botulinum toxin-topical lidocaine Inhibitors of protease activation: Gabexate mesilate- Nafamostat- Ulinastatin- C1-inhibitor- Heparin Antioxidants: N-acetylcysteine- Sodium selenite- Beta- Carotene Antimicrobial agents Antimetabolites : 5-FU (5 Fluoro Uracil)[5]. Some of the drugs that tested in different trials are described below: Pharmacological Prevention for Post-ERCP Pancreatitis: Since the introduction of ERCP, numerous pharmacologic drugs have been assessed to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis based on their pharmacologic mechanism and their effect on one or more of the factors associated with pancreatic damage (Figure 1) [6]. 1- NSAIDs: NSAIDs (diclofenac or indomethacin) are the most drugs that are using for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis [7]. The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends routine rectal administration of 100 mg diclofenac or indomethacin for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis [8]. 2- Glyceryl trinitrate: Glyceryl trinitrate reduces sphincter of Oddi pressure and may uses to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. ManuelMoretà ³ in his study assessed that could transdermal glyceryl trinitrate be effective in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis? The results of his study show that transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patch significantly reduces post-ERCP pancreatitis [7]. 3- Nifedipine: Calcium channel inhibitors can prevent the development of experimental pancreatitis. Nifedipine is from the calcium channel blocker drugs and its effect is reducing sphincter spasm. Part done randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether the calcium channel blocker nifedipine prevents post-ERCP pancreatitis. Nifedipine or placebo was administered before and within 6 hours after ERCP. This study failed to show significant effect of nifedipine in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis [8]. 4-Antibiotics: Infections that occur when ERCP is done can activation proteolytic enzymes and lead to pancreatitis. Now there is this question that antibiotics can use in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. One prospective randomized controlled trial showed that the ceftazidime administration before ERCP significantly decreased the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis in the control group that did not receive antibiotic [9]. The quality of the study is questionable because the control group did not received no antibiotic [10]. 5- Risperidone: Ulinastatin inhibited systemic inflammatory responses and may benefit for prevention post-ERCP pancreatitis. Tsujino assessed the effect of risperidone (a selective serotonin 2A antagonist) combined with ulinastatin for the prevention of PEP in high-risk patients. In a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, patients were randomly compared to administration ulinastatin with or without risperidone. The incidence of PEP was not significantly different between two groups, but pancreatic enzymes level were significantly lower in the risperidone+ulinastatin group as compared with ulinastatin alone [11]. 6- Indomethacin Indometacin is from nonstroidal antiinflamatory drugs that are used for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Joseph Elmunzer in a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial assigned patients that were high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis to receive a single dose of indomethacin or placebo immediately after ERCP. Among patients at high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis, rectal indomethacin significantly reduced the incidence of the post-ERCP pancreatitis [12]. Yaghoobi also assigned one meta-analysis to assessed rectal indomethacin for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. This meta-analysis showed that the rate of pancreatitis was significantly lower when using indomethacin as compared with placebo. [13]. 7- Corticosteroid: Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs and may be able to decrease the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis. In a prospective randomized controlled multicentre study, administration of prednisone did not reduce the incidence of pancreatitis rather than placebo [14]. 8- N-acetyl Cysteine: N-acetyl Cysteine can reduce inflammation and may be useful in post-ERCP pancreatitis. Pezhman Alavi Nejad wants to evaluate efficacy of N-acetyl Cysteine for the Prevention of Post-endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis. He assigned a prospective double blind randomized study. There were significant reduce in the prevalence of acute pancreatitis between the groups. This study shows that NAC could be used for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis [15]. 9- Aprepitant Aprepitant is one drug from the classification of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists. Upendra Shah wants to assess the efficacy of aprepitant at preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis in high risk patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial assigned. Patients received either placebo or oral aprepitant. Aprepitant could not decrease the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis against placebo [16]. pancreatic stents: Abhishek Choudhary assessed a meta-analysis and to determined effect of pancreatic stents for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. This meta-analysis of the RCTs showed that pancreatic stent placement reduces the incidence pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia [17]. Conclusion: Considering the fact that pancreatitis is the most important of the ERCP complications we should pay attention the methods for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Pancreatic stents are useful for this aim. From the pharmacologic agents, Glyceryl trinitrate, Indometacin and N-acetyl Cysteine could significantly decrease the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Other drug that assessed in this review article such as Nifedipine, Risperidone, Corticosteroids, and Aprepitant did not show significant effect for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Lady Capulet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Essay -- William Shakesp

Lady Capulet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet A woman during the 16th century did not have the freedoms that a woman today enjoys. During Shakespeare’s life wives were not allowed the independence they take pleasure in today. Therefore, the role of the mother for Juliet in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is not commanding or authoritative because of the time period Shakespeare lived. The role of a wife must be looked at in order to understand and appreciate Juliet’s mother. When a couple was married during the 16th century, Susan Amussen said it was the beginning of a partnership, but not one of equal proportions. The husband is awarded all the power in the family. He represents the family to the outside world and keeps the peace within the household. The wife is only an assistant. Her duties included feeding and running the household smoothly. Helping with the family business is another duty the wife has to carry out (86). Lady Capulet abides by these rules when dealing with her daughter. She knows her husband is planning to marry their daughter to Paris. It is she that must prepare Juliet for the news because one of her duties is to take care of the household. However, Lady Capulet has no say of who Juliet should marry, because that is left to the husband who is lord of the manor. Instead it is the wife’s duty to inform her child that she must prepare herself for marriage. Lady Capulet was married at an age younger than Juliet is. She says, "By my count I was your mother much upon these years that you are now a maid" (1.3.73-75). It is time Juliet leaves her nest and adds to the family’s fortune. The mother is the one to tell Juliet this news because she was put into the same situation as her daughter. During the ... ...s set for a woman of this time and carried them out with dignity. She was a true 16th century woman. Works Cited Amussen, Susan. "The Family and the Household" in A Companion to Shakespeare. Ed. David Kastan. Malden Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1999. 85-99. Dash, Irene. Wooing, Wedding, and Power: Women in Shakespeare’s Plays. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981. Pitt, Angela. Shakespeare’s Women. New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1981. Rich, Barnaby. "Women as Property" in Dusinberre, Juliet. Shakespeare and the Nature of Women. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1975. 115. Shakespeare, William. The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. The Norton Shakespeare Based on the Oxford Edition. Gen. Ed. Stephen and Ed. Walter Cohen, Jean Howard, and Katherine Maus. New York: Norton & Company, 1997. 872-941.

SEINFELD :: essays research papers

SEINFELD: THE UNTOLD STORY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout Seinfeld’s eight-season stint on network television the show and its creator’s have stereotyped everything from young Puerto Rican boys to Jewish Priests. The main stereotype of this sit-com is the very florid portrayal of the generational age groups of the characters. The main characters represent the beginning of the Generation X culture. The parents and relatives of Jerry Seinfeld and that of George Costanza present the presence of the members of the Silent or GI generation. Throughout the television series we have seen the elderly as stereotypically helpless individuals with little or no purpose. The character’s Jerry Seinfeld, George Costanza, Elaine Benes, and Cosmo Kramer, represent the Generation X culture. These half-witted characters are often unreliable and uncaring about the society they live in. These characters often care about nothing more about life outside their own. The stereotype of these characters and the succes s of this very popular television show have contributed to the media’s wide usage of stereotyping generations. The article, â€Å"My Inner Shrimp,† can be directly correlated to George’s eccentric ego trips with his problems with shortness, unemployment, and baldness. George’s character is often portrayed as a very loud, very rambunctious person who is often seeking to be on top. Elderly: Helpless or Not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the series we have seen the elderly characters of Seinfeld often being absent minded, senile, and often helpless. Jerry’s parents upon retirement moved to the sunny state of Florida to bask in their retirement. This proves to be a very common nomenclature among senior citizens. Throughout the nation many retired citizens have been moving eagerly across the country spending their hard earned money and moving to much more appealing climates. Throughout the show Jerry’s parents often try to impose money upon him even though he never request any money from his parents. Mr. and Mrs. Seinfeld often believe that Jerry is living a life of poverty and that he lives a very inadequate life. Throughout our nation the elderly have often saved and saved countless dollars so that they may have a better life and provide their children with the sustenance they need to live a very adequate life. Mr. and Mrs. Costanza are often portrayed as very senile indiv iduals. George’s parents often tend to exaggerate things outside the spectrum they should really include. One certain episode can attribute to there senility. During the Seinfeld’s visit of New York to see their son Jerry, the Costanza’s graciously ask the Seinfeld’s to accompany them to dinner at their home.

Review of Heavy Oil: Formation, Properties and Recovery

Introduction Oils with highly high densenesss and viscousnesss are termed as heavy oils. They are composed of long and high molecular weight compounds. Heavy oils are categorized with scope that is less than 220API to 100API ( American Petroleum Institute ) gravitation. Heavy oils that are less than 100API are to be referred as the excess heavy oil or Bitumen. The fluctuation between the excess heavy oils and bitumen is non merely the affair of API gravitation or their chemical composings but their Viscosity. The excess heavy oil is a type of oil that may resemble pitch sand bitumens and do non flux easy. They are recognized as holding mobility in the reservoir when compared with pitch sand bitumen which is incapable of mobility under the reservoir conditions. The word pitch sand is used to depict the sandstone reservoirs that are impregnated with a heavy and syrupy black petroleum oil that can non be retrieved through good conventional production techniques. Bitumen, referred as native asphalt i ncludes a broad assortment of ruddy brown to black stuffs of semisolid, syrupy to brittle character that can be in nature with no mineral dross or with mineral affair contents that may transcend 50 % by weight. Bitumen is more syrupy than excess heavy oil at reservoir force per unit area and temperature conditions. Bitumen is immobile and excess heavy oils have some grade of mobility at reservoir conditions. The ultra-heavy or excess heavy oils are denser than that of H2O which has an API gravitation of 100API. While the gravitation units API, do non depict the whole fluid belongingss of the petroleum which is represented by the oil viscousness. Like some petroleums might be of low gravitation but they have comparatively low viscousness at reservoir temperatures when compared with lighter petroleums. Heavy oils occupies scope along the continuum between ultra-heavy oils and visible radiation oils. The above estimations are mentioned by the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . EIA revealed that there were 1646 billion barrels of proven militias in 2013. Globally, the recoverable militias of heavy oil and natural bitumen are equal to the staying militias of the conventional oil. Harmonizing to the informations analyzed informations Middle East states dominates in footings of the conventional oil militias while the South America, well the Venezuela leads the universe in footings of the heavy oil militias. Harmonizing to the above representations of conventional oil, heavy oils and bitumen sedimentations, the conventional oil production in Canada has diminution over the past few old ages from 1.2 million bd to 1 million bd including the visible radiation and medium classs oil every bit good as the heavy oil from Alberta and Saskatchewan Fieldss as of 2006. Harmonizing to the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers ( CAPP ) , during the same period of five twelvemonth span from 2001 to 2006 the entire production from the mined oil littorals and oil littorals produced in situ by the assistance of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage ( SAGD ) or may be through other methods increased from the 659000 bd in 2001 to 1.1 million bd in 2006 and this estimations might travel every bit high as 4 million bd in 2020. Russia has approximately 246.1 billion barrels of natural bitumen of which 33.7 billion barrels which is about merely the 14 % of entire is recoverable. The staying 86 % can non be rea listically recovered as they exists in distant countries or scattered in many little sedimentations. The nature of heavy oil is a job for recovery operations and for polishing due to high viscousness due to which makes the rendering recovery disbursal and the presence of sulfur content may be high and increases the disbursal of polishing the oil. When compared to conventional crude oil, heavy oil typically has the low proportions of volatile components with low molecular weights and well higher sums of high molecular weight compounds of lower volatility. The high molecular weight fraction of heavy oils are comprised of complex mixture of different molecular and chemical types incorporating a assorted bag of compounds which might non needfully be merely paraffin components or asphaltene components with higher thaw points and pour points that may greatly lend to hapless fluids belongingss and low mobility of the heavy oil. The presence of asphaltene components are non merely the primary cause for the high specific gravitation of the heavy oils nor are the premier cause for production jobs. It is besides indispensable to see the content of rosin components and aromatic components presence in the heavy oil during its recovery and production. Heavy oil, as a resource is ever overlooked due to its trouble and the higher production costs involved in conveying the heavy oil onto the surface from reservoirs. As described by the geochemists that when crude oil beginning stone is generated, the petroleum oil produced by it is non heavy but it becomes heavy after the significant debasement during migration and after the entrapment. Degradation occurs through a assortment of biological, chemical and physical procedures in the earth’s subsurface beds. Bacteria borne by surface H2O metabolise the paraffinic, napthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons into heavier molecules. Formation Waterss besides remove hydrocarbons by solution, rinsing off lower molecular-weight hydrocarbons, that are soluble in H2O. The petroleum oil besides finally degrades by the devolatilization if hapless quality seals allow lighter molecules to divide and get away. The heavy oil typically forms from the younger geological stone formations like Pleistocene , Pliocene and Miocene stones. Those reservoirs possess the tendancy to be shallow deepnesss and less effectual seals in the stone formations. By early periods of 1900s, new progressed oil recovery procedures were deevloped such as Cold Production which is a primary recovery procedure. By executing the Cold Production at reservoir temperatures, the recovery effeciencies range from merely 1 % to 10 % boulder clay it reaches the maximal economical recovery factors. Oilfield companies requires long term investing for heavy oil recovery and due to the ground that heavy oil creates conveyance troubles, is a more dearly-won and polishing techniques for bring forthing marketable merchandises. Therefore their engineering value is assessed by their ability for cut downing its entire cost. Most of the heavy oil Fieldss are shallow makes the boring costs non a dominant factor but the increasing factor of figure of many-sided Wellss and horizontal Wellss makes it to present some costs durng the development phases. Within these costs, the primary costs if for the doing the heavy oil to mobilise by shooting the steam required. Every part in the universe has oil possessing different physical belongingss and is at different phase of procedure adulthood, therefore every part uses different development and production techniques forheavy oil recovery. Mechanism of formation of Heavy oil: As the specific gravitation of reservoir oil lessenings with deepness, API graity additions with deepness. The ripening phenomenon of oil takes topographic point in beginning and reservoir stones which makes the kerogen bring forthing lighter oil with deepness in the latter. Hence, the mean tendency observed worldwide is that the higher API gravitation oil is found at th increasing depths though less oil is produced with deepness. This must be pointed out that these are general tendencies but there are exclusions. There are assorted procedures that change the original oil that is produced during the migration procedure of oil and due to its subsequent accretions. Different procedures inculdes the biodegradation, H2O lavation, oxidization, deasphalting/evaporation and discriminatory migration of the igniter constituents. Biodegradation of the petroleum oils can alter the composings and physical belongingss over a certain geological timescales. Different micro-organisms that are present in the deposits of the oil bearing stones and bearing the crude oil reservoirs. They utilize the hydrocarbons as the beginning of C for their metabolic procedures. That procedure may be aerophilic or anaerobiotic. Largely the hydrocarbons are oxidized into intoxicants and acids. Simple consecutive ironss are prefered, but as the biodegradation continues, more of the complex molecules are increasingly being consumed. The long chained paraffins are oxidized for giving di-acids. Similarly, napthene and aromatic rings are oxidized to di-alcohols. This biodegradation phenomenon consequences in the loss of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon content, roll uping rosins and asphaltenes and besides lessening of API gravitation which autmatically defines as addition in denseness of the oil. The biodegradation procedure an go thro ugh if the reserrvoir temperatures do non transcend 800to 820. Heavy oils influence on Physical Properties of Rocks During Production:Heavy oils have a shear modulus, act like a solid at low temperatures.They are strongly temperature dependant.Gas coming out of the solution might be it smallest sums can bring forth a big geophysical signature.Heavy oils normally acts as the cementing agent in unconsolidated littorals.During the production, reservoir stone matrix is frequently changed structurally.Physical belongingss of the stones possesing heavy oils are largely teperature dependant and frequence dependant every bit good.Simple Gassmann permutation will neglect in heavy oil reservoirs.Crude oils which chiefly has hydrocarbons or the coompounds consisting H and C merely. Other elements such as S, N and O are besides present in small sums and are combined with C and H in complex molecules. As these oils get heavier and becoome more viscours, their composing becomes complex and they forms concatenation and sheet constructions with the addition in thir molecular weights. Heavy oil, unlike conventional crude oil can non be recovered as an accretion unless there is any reservoir trap and that requires the boundary between the cap stone or any other waterproofing agent, and the reservoir stone by and large be in a bulging upward projection form, but the exact signifier of the boundary varies widely. Many of the oil and gas accumuylations are trapped in the anticlines or domes, these constructions are more conviniently detected than any other types of traps. Heavy Oil Recovery Techniques: Surface excavation: Surface excavation procedure is a wide class of excavation in which dirt and stone overlying the mineral sedimentations are removed. It is the antonym of belowground excavation, in which the overlying stone is left in topographic point, and the mineral removed through shafts or tunnels. Surface excavation began in the mid-sixteenth century [ 1 ] and is practiced throughout the universe, although the bulk of surface excavation occurs in North America. Surface excavation consists of three chief stages. After depriving off and carrying the site’s peculiarly fertile overburden, the pitch sand which is in the signifier of an ore is removed utilizing prodigious power shovels and shit trucks. In the 2nd stage the ore is washed in hot H2O, bitumen, and mulcts. A dissolver is added to the mixture to advance seperation of the bitumen. eventually the residuary mixture of H2O and sand is normally transferred to big deposit basins. The clarate is recycled and the settled solids are used to make full the cavity at the terminal of extraction operations. At the surface, the sites are rehabilitated which includes replacing an replanting the fertile overburden that was stockpiled at the beginning of the the undertaking. Mentions:Schlumberger Oilfield Review Magazine, Autumn 2002

France vs. England 17th Century Essay

at that dress are mainly two types of presidencys that emerged during the ordinal century. Most of the political developing took place in France and England. Absolute monarchy took oer passim France while constitutionalism, or parliamentary monarchy, was neat popular in England betwixt 1640 and 1780. Frances impregnable monarchy developed because of the nobles and barons focused on the concept of divine right. England, on the former(a) hand, developed through the businessmen and landowners trying to pr so fart the central concentration of political power. These governments grasped the attention of philosophers, leaders, and churches. Eventually, two would develop and act the modern world today in Europe and the Americas. France was very popular at the time for creating the idea of world powers ruling by divine right. This perception was that the ruler of a specific country was entrap on that point by matinee idol. It was their divine right to be there because they were performing the work of beau ideal.The kings subjects were non to question the decisions of the king because it was gods will and who apprise question God? King Louis cardinal was the most powerful towards divine rights. He expected to be treated akin a god because he was His delegate on earth. Louis cardinal was supported by Bishop Jacques-Bnigne Bossuet, who was the leader of French Catholicism in the seventeenth century. He used examples from the brisk Testament of rulers who were only answerable to God. Popes had insisted since the chivalrous times that they could only be judged by God. Bossuet and Louis XIV then argued that only God had the right to judge kings. In England, there was a lot of turmoil between the reigning monarchs and big(p) landowners. position monarchs act to copy France with their financial system that did nondepend heavily on the e nominates, diets, or assemblies of nobles. By doing this, it sustained to grant French monarchs rank(a) ru le. While easily achieved in France, the English monarchy failed royally. pile I of England too seek to achieve the divine right of kings. He wanted to lessen parliaments power and called on them for help as little as possible. With aside the help of parliament, pack I had to find new(prenominal) bureau of revenue. He quickly angered his subjects because of Englands inadequate income he threatened nobles, large landowners, and those of commercial wealth for m unitaryy.James I and the Duke of Buckingham also sold royal affirm to the highest bidders. Thesewere some of the key factors that led to the misgiving of the English monarchs. In contrast, King Louis XIV stooled the trust of his people and nobles with ease. He would complaisantise nobles at Versailles, his soulfulnessal twenty-six acre home. He would then grant them tax exemptions, wealth, and social standing if they supported him. The French magnanimousness found the best way to defend and promote their interests was to support the reigning monarch. quite of depending on the wealth of the nobles, he do the nobles dependent on him. He title that, the state is me, or in opposite words, that France existed for him. Louis XIV also promoted that there should be one king, one law, one faith. This helped him gain the loyalty of the ro populace Catholics who wanted to retrace Catholicism as the prominent pietism in Europe. English monarchs also bumble in establishing absolute monarchy because of religion. Protestant became the spark advance religion among the English. Protestants believed that Sunday should be total of religious observances and very little unemployed or diversion. James I believed that re inception and sports were innocent activities and permitted them to be played on Sunday, which infuriated the Protestant religions. Because of a some other miss happenings, a Protestant movement known as Puritanism was established.This was a nonpolitical force that opposed one-man ru le and sought to limit political pronouncement and eventually overturn it. There were also Puritans in France that tried to rebel notwithstanding their efforts were crushed by Louis XIV and the Roman Catholics who enforced religious uniformity. England also differed from France because of the creation of the menu of Rights. After the Glorious Revolution, when James II fled to France, England put William and Mary of orange tree on the throne. Though they were the new reigning monarchs, Parliament issued the Bill of Rights that limited powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the cultivated liberties of the English classes. William and Mary signed the Bill of Rights that would let them rule only by the consent of Parliament. From the beginning of their reign in 1689, they brought many economic and military resources into fit with the French and would eventually top France as the powerhouse of Europe. In Comparing French and English political development, the beliefs of doubting Thom as Hobbes and ass Locke perfectly illustrate the differences between absolute and parliamentary governments. Hobbes was a strict athletic takeoff rocket to absolutism and bump off control. Locke was a supporter of constitutionalismand protecting the infixed rights of human race.Both of these philosophers, existence completely paired in stack from the other, is the classic battle that has gone on forever and still exists today the difference for power and the fight for exemption. Thomas Hobbes was a very talented and depressing political philosopher. He had discouragingly low stare on values and the natural state of humans. Hobbes believed that the human race was so abominable and power stricken that they were cast out of paradise into the earth. To Hobbes, as expressed in the Leviathan, human nature was based on physical sensations and lust for power. One of his famed sayings was, life is war of every man against every man. This is why he sight that human beings must b e controlled by absolute authority. The individuals should be told every survival to make and constrained by one supreme ruler that holds all power. Hobbes approximation that rulers should have unlimited power because, the dangers of rebellion are always greater than those of tyranny. stern Locke, known as the defender of bind intimacy and toleration, had almost the exact opposite views as Hobbes. Locke viewed human beings in their natural state as being creatures of free grace and reason. He believed that humans were divine creatures put on earth by God to learn from it and make it useful. Locke wrote the Essay Concerning tender-hearted Understanding that draw the mind as being a blank ticket at birth. As a person grows the development of who they become is based on their surroundings and those around them. Hobbes idea that humans are all annoyance is rebuked by Locke saying that people are not born evil.Their surroundings, experiences, and influences are what develop evi l tendencies. Locke also wrote the Two Treatises of Government. The first described his distaste of absolutism. With too much power, he argued that there would be no independence for anyone in the condition of absolute monarchy. The snatch treatise he described the natural and God given rights of humans. Among them were the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Those ideas were used throughout history and in the Declaration of Independence. other belief of his was that governments exist to protect liberty and the natural state of people not to overcome them. Locke was a very influential philosopher who greatly impressed many future generations with his political philosophical insight.Overall, the development of some(prenominal) absolute and parliamentary governments greatly affect Europe. The battles between France and Englandto have a lasting government caused chaos throughout both countries. If anything, the Europeans learned many ways how not to run a country. Bot h countries and the development of differing monarchies set an example for many other countries. France created a strong absolute government as an example for rulers all over the world on how to have complete control of people. England eventually came around and with the help of the people created parliamentary government. The concept of constitutionalism was even a model for constructing the American administration. currently the battle between power and freedom still goes on and will carry as long as there are people like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke who argue for their beliefs.

Psychological Benefits of Fashion Essay

invent has been identified as ane of the prevailing entities that dissolve be observed all through bulge come taboo of the closet history. It is an indication of flares and usance that argon widely practiced at a particular pro bewilder period. N 1theless, the usage of much(prenominal) term is always associated with clothing. However, in a greater smell out, the supposition of sort encompasses more than(prenominal) than than clothing it is or sothing that pertains to a much big picture. The interest if humans in bearing argon non scarcely of novel origin.To prove much(prenominal)(prenominal) point, since the pre-historic umteen dandy deal nourish adorned their skins with colored clays and level tattoos, while clothing has been considered as hotshot of the intimately absorbing yet was in admission treated as an primary(prenominal) growth in briomagazine as it represents numerous an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) things s smartn essly life as a whole. However, while mien from the past was regarded as an aspect wholly reserved for the m unrivalledyed populace, the influence of such(prenominal) entity posterior direct be felt everywhere, anytime at this moment.Today, from the poorest to the richest, from the inhabitants of the approximately metropolitan atomic number 18as to the inhabitants of the to the advancedest degree rural places, umpteen hotshot-on- cardinals indulge in extravagant devise. From here, iodine drive out simply ask what is it with devise that motivates sight to recognize it as a fibrous entity? eyepatch sensually bearing posit lots of eudaimonias for psyches geting the in vogue(p) thin out, confine studies were centered in disposition the bene dies that path can offer for those who follow it.In this respect, this paper sought to state the question What ar the psychological benefits of look for case-by-cases next the arch? What is bearing? In assure to give depth to the progeny world taken, it is thitherfore an imperative to contend what look is. One researcher pointed out that bearing is a series of occur changes in the fillings of a ag convention of commonwealth, which though they whitethorn be accompanied by utility, be not determined by it elbow room is marked by metrical and innovation, by alternate uniformity and change, precisely neither of these phases obeys the principle of utility (Ross, n.p. qtd. in Hurlock, 4). From the pr unrivaled perspective, it can indeed be assumed that face-to-face manner is a rejoinder to the ongoing cycle of change. Although it can not be widely utilized, air for some is a solution for the conventionality of life. Therefore, on that point is a greater element of lavishness and lesser element of usability. Because of this, elan has dumbfound an integral part of the neighborly environment. Today, mien affects al nigh all aspects in life. Fashion can straight off be seen in architecture, manner, automobiles, home furnishings, soulal adornments, music, games and the worrys.As the golf-club tends to be aim an organized group that perceives demeanor as something more, it is so possible that the chances of look to hold on for long is high, because fashions be transferable from one case-by-case to an otherwise at bottom the groups they travel because of the ace of unreal (Hurlock). So what is it that motivates respective(prenominal)s to follow such trend? The answer is simple it benefits their psychological well- being other than the somatogenetic usefulness of such entity. Psychological benefits of fashion scent out of bankers acceptance and belongingness two ridicule and scorn ar the sanctions that force people to embrace fashion, and in such case the dissenter is say to be powerless in such manner. When one refuses fashion that has been widely reliable by many, the dissenter is more apt(predicate)(predicate) to hurt him ego, but rarely hurts fashion itself. Public opinion is a powerful entity which can persuade a psyche to accept fashion (Hurlock). Today, however, fashion is now more of a pavement that leads an separate to stool entry to a particular group.For instance, a group wears a current memorabilia so as to indicate their allegiances to education. people follow fashion, most e fussyly in the context of wearing garments, in conformism of rights to their age cohorts, ethnic backgrounds, hearty descriptor and professional affiliations. It is noteworthy that every somebody has the innate propensity to belong to a system or an tacked group, then recognizing fashion is one way of intercommunicate membership in spite of appearance a applicable in-group (Baumeister and Leary, 1995 qtd. in Saad, 2007).There are many practices that are done in order to solidify the behavior of an in-group, one of which is their uptake choices that re-affirm the membership of one-on-ones. The fashion indu stry is lots seen as a group workout of conformity and identification. In short, the innate essential to belong is sufficed by the fashion industry. As an industry that is followed by millions of undivideds consumers are therefore repeatedly sweet in behaviors that hold that they indeed belong to the trendsetting group. Thus, fashion in itself has usurped the innate postulate of humans to belong. Specifically, the everywheret signals of belongingness are labile in nature such as in order to become fashionable and to gain entry to a fashionable group an individual must continuously pervert the continuously changing fashion, accessories and adornments. While some claim that fashion trends are unsullied theatricals of the pretentious life of wealth and are only made on hand(predicate) to the inner classes (Locke and De Chamfort qtd.in Saad), the popular fashion trends of directly are now made available to the masses, thereby allowing consumers that originate from any soci al classes can now ol situationion the cues of belongingness, most curiously within the reference group through the fashion trends that they have come to adopt (Saad). The innovations provided by fashion, such as newly clothing and the sole benefit of the adopter to such particular innovation, specifically that of belongingness and acceptance is scarcely one of the many instantiated psychological benefits of fashion. Establishment of IdentityPsychologically, individuation element is give tongue to to have two of the essence(predicate) dimensions, the psycheal and the social. However, both dimensions of indistinguishability are related in the psychological judgment of self, self-identity, and self concept. Yet each of the utter terms more frequently than not given complex and at time in agreeable meanings which makes it hard for identity to be defined. Therefore, the pencil eraserst way to define identity is that it is the unobjective concept or representation that an individual holds of who she or he rattling is (Vignoles, Regalia, Manzi, Golledge and Scabini, 2006 qtd.in Dittmar and Halliwell). The said definition highlights two important aspects. First is that identity is in the position of a psyches indispensable psychological realize alternatively of referring to it as an objective essence. Second is that, identity is inclusive, which often involves individual, relation backal and group level representation of the self (Sedikides and Brewer, 2001 qtd. in Dittmar and Halliwell).This in resembling manner implies that identity is multi-faceted in nature, and that it is made up of assorted self- representations that vary from each other which instead of making a unitary organize integrates varying aspects of the self (Donahue, Robins, Roberts and John, 1993, 834 qtd. in Dittmar and Halliwell). Generally, the given definition meat that every individual has multiple identities. Such perspective has been consistent from research findings, as people who are often asked who are you ? listed differing qualities and textile objects that conform to their demand (Gordon, 1968 qtd.in Dittmar and Halliwell). From William Jamess Principle of psychology, he identified that one of the many representations of the identity is the material self. He noted that an individuals identity, by from the bodys physical boundaries also allow ins material life-threatenings (James, 1890 qtd. in Dittmar and Halliwell). In addition to soulal identity, other field that is manifested within its context is that of body human race figure, which connote ones thoughts and palpateings near his or her physical body (Dittmar, 2005c qtd. in Dittmar and Halliwell).Traditionally, body image is not considered as a domain of identity. However, as body image constitutes a subjective concept, wherein a person sees this as the self-representation of their bodies to other, therefore it makes a lot of sense to hold such concept as a part of ident ity (Dittmar,Phillips and Halliwell, 2007 Halliwell and Dittmar, 2006 qtd. in Dittmar and Halliwell). So, how are these this related to fashion? For the most of its followers, fashion whitethorn it be in the aspect of music, arts and the likes, is the gateway for them to overhaul and maintain their identities.Fashion, in most part, plays a significant role in the lives of many because it makes them view themselves in a disparate light helping them define who they really are and how they really feel. By simply purchasing the things that they want and are in style, their specific needs are already met and they already feel secure about themselves, because they know that they look good in the eyes of others (Zborowski). In short, fashion is in touch with the identity domain of the material self and body image, as it satisfies the needs of material goods and the attention that one gives in his or her body as a whole.Fashion does not only shit identity, but also changes it. One perso n can go from hip-hop to goth. non at all times fashion have the said(prenominal) ready on everyone. For some, they are satisfied with their clothings comfort and versatility. They may not feel the pull that they have to follow the up-to-the-minute trends, but the fact still frame that they already established a social identity by allowing themselves to recognize that fashion is an on-going cycle.Take for example in clothing, whether an individual follows a trend or not, the effect of stating ones own fashion through such medium can already serve as a code for people to believe that an individual is who he or she is by the clothes that he or she wears the person may inculcate a political visualise or just become one of the crowd. The multi-functionality of fashion as well as the contradiction it presents can be use as a authority of impressing, ascension or either to fit or stand-out of the crowd.As fashion is a personal choice, it gives its followers the liberty to decide on the how they can present themselves to the world (Zborowski). accord to author Evelyn Brannon fashion is both publicthe impression we make on othersand privy the way we explore our own temper and tastes (Brannon, n. p. qtd. in Zborowski, 30). People are apt to think that as fashion meets the desire of an individual to differentiate oneself from the group, and at the equivalent time to conform to the social norms, acquire new styles are efficient means of establishing individuality.Soon enough, the styles they opt to use leave behind be recognized by everyone else that, the same clothes and accessories they wear will at last be paraded by other people. As such, in order to deviate people to like just like everyone else, most fashion causations recognizes the minute a trend is already plunging into the conventional level. So, they would release new styles because they understand that every individuals need to shew themselves. The cycle would then eventually flow once onc e again people will purchase remarkable and fashionable items in order to re-establish their identities (Zborowski).Sense of Positive Well-Being Historically, psychology has been fairly much concerned with the indicators of a persons ill-health and unhappiness. Recently, the focus of psychology is on the explicit factor that promotes a persons well-being, which is known as despotic psychology (Csikzentmihayali and Csikzentmihayali, 2006 qtd. in Dittmar and Halliwell). It has been noted that one of the most important aspects of a persons well-being is his or her experience of happiness, which is authentically subjective in nature. Apparently, the good and bad events in ones life affect an individuals happiness temporarily.However, it should also be silent that people can and do coiffe with this happiness. For example, one study found out that lottery winners and victims of accidents that both ended in wheelchairs after their initial reaction to their good and bad experiences, have returned to their levels of happiness former to experiencing such events (Brickman, Coates and Hanoof-Bulman, 1978 qtd. in Dittmar and Halliwelll). However, happiness is something that cannot be easily bannerd as such recent studies have focused more on the construct of a persons subjective well-being (Diener, Suh, Lucas and Smith, 1999 qtd.in Dittmar and Halliwell). Such construct may include over-all cognitive evaluation of ones life, sense of satisfaction, the frequent experience of overconfidently charged emotion and the absence of negative emotions. From the said perspective, it can be said that self-evaluation, like dissatisfaction about life or body, the measure of positive experiences, such as high self- abide by and body-esteem, and the measure of negative experiences like depression and dread, can be decease indicators of positive and negative well-being.Additionally, in relation to an individuals material and physical well being, behaviors such as disarray e ating patterns and compulsive buying of goods are also detrimental for the psychological and physical health of a person in order to identify whether their well-being is rosy or not (Dittmar and Halliwell). How does fashion fit in the big picture? As express from the given perspective, some of the indicators of a persons positive well-being are high self-esteem and satisfaction.Partaking in a shopping spree in order to buy and select the latest fashion is an exhilarating experience that promotes self transformation may it be in the physical and mental sense. Although, fashion is impermanent at times, in the long-run it boosts an individuals self-esteem, and provides them the confidence that perhaps they may have lost in some events in their life, allowing them to feel that they are special and unique (Zborowski). To prove such point, a clothe is just a shirtuntil a designer logo is place on it, and knowing the caliber of such things, its price is far higher compared to other g oods.So, why do people afford for such large amounts just for the franchise of wearing it? For many the reason is within two perspectives. First, designer labels allow individuals to have a sense of self-worth by just the association of it. Personally, once individuals purchase fashionable stuffs with designer labels, the wearers self-esteem is temporarily boost because they somehow made a connection with well-known and expensive call that not all can experience. Although mass-produced, that fact that the purchase is not the same as others makes the buyers feel that they are special and unique.Likewise, designer labels also serve as the exemplary representation of who the person is and who he or she hopes to be. Parallel to this, the self-worth of an individual is further kick upstairs by the society or perhaps their peers that are brand conscious, making them elated temporarily as they feel that they already fit in the circle and they are already at ease in the situation whe rein in a constant basis they often feel out of place (Zborowski). In addition to this, fashion followers tends to make connection with other individuals who have common outlook in life thereby reinforcing bonds that in a regular setting does not ordinarily takes place.For instance, a mere inquiry about a certain design of a current home decor can catapult an individual to share what he or she knows about the said result. For the person who shared the idea there is a sense of fulfillment because within himself or herself, he or she knew that he or she already shared something significant to the individual, and this is something that is priceless. On the other hand, the person who inquired about the product can approve of such outlook, as he or she may perceived the same thing and it is quite a confirmation of what she or he feels.Meanwhile, fashion can also be a form of relaxation and an escape from the sameness of life. For one, shopping for fashion is not an blue-blooded task , but for many it is something that lifts their spirit as it is an indication that the person is in halt of his or her personal environment. As stated, there are no laws that make an individual accept fashion. No fashion is impose upon an individual by force (Hurlock, 8). Both the acceptance and rejection of fashion is in accordance to individual discretion.As such, person is turn to make decision as to what actions he or she will take. Fashion is an priceless tool that allows a person to rifle to through the world, may it be in the social or business setting. It serves as a communication where in an individual can freely move on top of things persuading an individual to accept such freedom. More than anything else, freedom is something that allows an individual to gave a positive outlook about himself or herself, because there is no one to convict his or her actions, and such perspective can be seen in fashion.As stated earlier, a high-self esteem and satisfaction are some of the key factors of attaining positive well-being, and this is provided by fashion through freedom of choice and the affirmation of an individuals reference and spirit. In other words, following fashion have become an imperative means of acquiring, attempting and establishing ones well-being as it signifies the liberty to take on and symbolizes the ideals of happiness and a break away from the conventional.The association of individuals with the products that they feel are fashionable connotes that they are perfectly re-evaluating themselves in order to know what guinea pig of particular trend or style they feel happy about. Moreover, a persons inclination with fashion is one vehicle for them to escape depression, stress and anxiety because they know within themselves that on their life there is one thing that truly decreases their ill feelings, which is fashion. Conclusion From the given perspectives, it is safe to say that fashion is truly something that is inescapable.Since tim e immemorial people have been act in such aspect and over time it has ariseed into something that is far more reaching. It is a sign of change, as it is an on going cycle that allows a person the opportunity of following the trends or not. While many people claim that fashion is an indication of higher standards of living, current conditions right away makes fashion available to everyone else most especially to the masses, making it more recognizable and diverse.For the followers of fashion, such word encompasses not only being fashionable it is also a host of myriads of psychological benefits that makes it worth engaging to. Fashion is perceived as an path for individuals to feel a sense of belongingness and acceptance. It serves as the rights of passage for people to become easy and inclined with groups that share their same interests. Fashion is able to provide the innate needs of humans to be accepted and to belong through its continuous change of concept and availability t o the public.It allows an individual to make allegiances with people they knew would understand them. One of the greatest benefits post by fashion is its capability to establish and change and individuals identity. Because it satisfies both the domains of material self and body image, a person is able to freely express himself through the fashion trend that he wears and practice. It creates a sense of individuality and promotes neat self-representation because in many ways fashion expresses the inner self of an individual.Establishment of a positive well-being is also another benefit that can be derived from following fashion. With the freedom it gives individuals in order to choose what they believe is fit for their personality, fashion promotes high-self esteem and satisfaction which spells an individuals positive outlook in life and happiness. Although it is limited at one point or another, the happiness provided by fashion is just enough for individuals to see themselves in the light of who they wanted to become.Likewise, the ability to take control of themselves and their environment through fashion is something that irreproducible as it provides them ground to realize the many good things that life has to offer. Generally, fashion is a clear manifestation of how trends, styles and changes, and in a greater sense the power of individuals to develop the sense of belongingness and acceptance, establishment of identity, and a sense of positive well being that greatly benefit their psychological well-being. Works citedDittmar, Helga and Halliwell, Emma. Consumer culture, identity and well-being The search for the good life and body perfect. New York, NY Routledge, 2008. Hulock, Elizabeth. The psychology of fig out An analysis of fashion and its motive. Manchester, NH Ayer Publishing 1976 Saad, Gad. The evolutionary bases of consumption. New York, NY Routledge 2007 Zborowski, Megan. The fashionable brain Dissecting why fashion gas such a grip on the minds o f the masses. Colored rock candy Magazine, vol. 17, No. 6 November/ December 2004