Nordstrom Financial Statement Analysis

NORDSTROM (JWN) I. Nordstrom’s overview Nordstrom is classified as an Upscale Independent Department Store Chain and is noted as one of the largest department stores of its type. Nordstrom is founded in 1901 by two partners, John W. Nordstrom and Carl F. Wallin. It’s headquarter is in Seattle, Washington area. Nordstrom carries a wide variety of merchandise and specialty goods, which includes apparel, shoes, jewelry, cosmetics, fragrances, handbags, accessories, and in some locations, home furnishings. Nordstrom is dealing with competition on many different levels.It is competing with higher end stores such as Neiman Marcus and Saks Fifth Avenue. In addition, it is also competing with second tier stores such as Macy’s, Dillard’s, and Bloomingdale’s. Dealing with diverse competition, upscale retailer Nordstrom has been famous for superior customer service for over 100 years and has been recognized on every 100 Best Companies To Work For list publishe d in Fortune magazine since 1998. Nordstrom operates over 200 retail locations across the country with worldwide revenue $10. 9 billion in 2011.It has two reportable segments: Retail and Credit. The Retail segment includes 115 ‘Nordstrom’ full-line stores, 89 off-price ‘Nordstrom Rack’ stores, two ‘Jeffrey’ boutiques, and one clearance store that operate under the name ‘Last Chance. ’ Nordstrom full-line stores and online store are substantially integrated to provide customers with a seamless shopping experience across channels. The Nordstrom Rack stores purchase high-quality name brand merchandise directly from vendors and also serve as outlets for clearance merchandise from Nordstrom stores.The Credit segment includes wholly owned federal savings bank, Nordstrom FSB, through which Nordstrom provides a private label credit card, two Nordstrom VISA credit cards and a debit card for Nordstrom purchases. The credit and debit cards fe ature a shopping-based loyalty program designed to increase customer visits and spending. Although the primary purpose of our Credit business is to foster greater customer loyalty and drive more sales, Nordstrom also generate revenues through finance charges and other fees on these cards.In retail department stores, consumer’s purchases are made within each department because each department is treated separately to achieve economies in promotion, buying, service, and control. Instead of categorizing departments by merchandise, Nordstrom created fashion departments that fit individual lifestyles. The retailer's best customers benefit from Nordstrom's â€Å"Perpetual Inventory† initiative, which provides the â€Å"right product, at the right place, at the right time. Nordstrom’s customer service is superior in that they put maintaining a customer relationship their top priority. It‘s main goal is to provide outstanding service every day, one customer at a time, and support the employees who deliver service to those customers. Each Nordstrom employee has a business card, which he or she gives to customers, to encourage them to reach back directly if they need anything. In addition, Nordstrom spends much less on traditional advertising than its competitors do, and to Nordstrom, â€Å"satisfied customers are much more persuasive than an ad†.Its legendary customer service is a competitive advantage that can't be easily duplicated, and the company spends a lot of time, money, and effort training employees to maintain that distinction. Even in times of economic distress, Nordstrom still maintains an unwavering commitment to making choices that are in the best interest of the customer. Therefore, Nordstrom keeps growing and maintains a great financial result in comparison with other department stores. Nordstrom business strategies are: 1. Maintaining good relationship with vendors and consumers 2.Maintaining good relationship with em ployees and providing effective training to them to develop future leaders 3. Expanding into new markets, technological investments, acquisitions and the timely completion of construction associated with newly planned stores, relocations and remodels. 4. Having effective inventory management; efficient and proper allocation of capital resources; successful execution of information technology strategy; and effective cost control in advertising, marketing, and promotion campaigns. 5.Managing debt levels to maintain an investment grade credit rating as well as operate with an efficient capital structure for its growth plans and industry II. Company financial ratio analysis: 1. Liquidity: Liquidity:| 2011| 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| Current Ratio| 2. 16| 2. 57| 2. 01| 2. 01| 2. 06| Cash Ratio | 0. 73| 0. 80| 0. 39| 0. 04| 0. 22| Cash Flow from Operations Ratio| 0. 46| 0. 63| 0. 62| 0. 53| 0. 19| Overall regards to liquidity ratios, the higher the number the better; however, a too high also indicates that the firms were not using their resources to their full potential. Current ratio of 1. or greater shows that a company can pay its current liabilities with its current assets. JWN’s ratio increased from 2. 06 in 2007 to 2. 57 in 2010, and slightly decreased to 2. 16 in 2011. JWN’s cash ratio increased significantly from 22% in 2007 to 80% in 2010. JWN has a cash ratio of 73% in 2011, which is useful to creditors when deciding how much debt they would be willing to extend to JWN. In addition, JWN also has moderate CFO ratio of 46%, indicating the companies’ ability to pay off their short term liabilities with their operating cash flow. There was a great improvement in JWN’s liquidity ratios over the past 5 years.In general, JWN has efficient liquidity ratios which allow the company to cover its seasonal cash needs and to maintain appropriate levels of short term borrowings. 2. Activity: Activity| 2011| 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| Inventory Turno ver| 6. 20| 6. 29| 5. 93| 5. 84| 5. 66| Avg. # of Days Inventory| 58. 83| 58. 03| 61. 59| 62. 53| 64. 50| Receivables Turnover| 5. 06| 4. 51| 4. 16| 4. 60| 7. 35| Working Capital Turnover| 3. 67| 3. 89| 4. 52| 5. 13| 5. 98| Fixed Assets Turnover| 4. 54| 4. 25| 3. 70| 4. 08| 4. 86| Total Assets Turnover | 1. 36| 1. 38| 1. 35| 1. 52| 1. 74| Length of Operating Cycle| 130. 9| 138. 87| 149. 38| 141. 93| 114. 18| I Inventory turnover shows how efficient a firm can keep its inventory turning at a steady flow from the manufacturer to the store and out to the consumer. Therefore, the higher the better because this means the firm is getting its inventory out to consumers at a more efficient pace. JWN’s inventory turnover is approximately the same in 2011 than in 2010, 6. 20 and 6. 29 respectively, which has slightly higher the number of days inventory from 58 days to 59 days. Same as inventory turnover ratio, AR turnover show how efficient a firm is at collecting its receivable.The fa ster a firm can collect its receivables, the better. JWN’s AR turnover has increased from 4. 78 in 2010 to 5. 36 in 2011. An increase in both inventory and AR turnover reduces the Length of Operating Cycle from 139 days to 131 days. In addition, there is also a good sign when JWN’s fixed asset turnover and total asset turnover increase. In general, JWN has ability to predict or respond to changes in fashion trends, consumer preferences and spending patterns, and to match its merchandise levels, mix and shopping experience to sales trends and consumer tastes, significantly impacts its sales and operating results. . Profitability: Profit| 2011| 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| Gross Margin | 0. 39| 0. 39| 0. 36| 0. 37| 0. 39| Return on Sales| 0. 06| 0. 06| 0. 05| 0. 05| 0. 08| ROA | 0. 09| 0. 09| 0. 07| 0. 07| 0. 14| ROE | 0. 34| 0. 34| 0. 32| 0. 34| 0. 44| Upon evaluation of the operating efficiency, Gross profit margin, Return on sale, ROA, and ROE, JWN did a pretty good job du ring the fiscal year ended Jan 28th 2012. Gross profit margin, the net profit margin, ROA, and ROE have the same rate for 2011 and 2010, which are 39%, 6%, 9%, and 34% respectively. By evaluating JWN’s profitability ratio, JWN once again is upward looking.ROA is a comprehensive measure of profitability, taking into account how a firm’s assets and profits are used to create future profit. ROE is a profitability measure and is influenced by the affiliation between a firm’s debt and its owner’s equity. JWN has done an extraordinary job at maintaining moderate ROA and ROE ratio over 5 years period. Analyzing JWN’s profitability ratio shows that JWN should continue being profitably in the future. 4. Leverage: Leverage| 2011| 2010| 2009| 2008| 2007| Total Liabilities / Total Equity| 3. 34| 2. 69| 3. 19| 3. 68| 4. 02| Total Liabilities (BV) / Equity at Market| 0. 7| 0. 48| 0. 44| 0. 39| 0. 39| Times Interest Earned| 9. 61| 8. 80| 6. 04| 5. 95| 16. 85| As firm’s debt grows larger, debt to equity ratio in turn increases. Debt to equity ratio is an important factor in considering a firm’s credit risk. JWN’s debt to equity ratio increases 25% from 2. 69 in 2010 to 3. 34 in 2011. If this ratio decreases, there is less leverage within the firm. The increase in debt to equity ratio is due to the increase in long term debts and the decrease in total stockholder equity. Times interest earned ratio is a coverage measure; an increase has a positive impact on the firm.There was a significant decrease in Time interest earned ratio from 16. 85 in 2007 to 5. 95 in 2008. However, this ratio increased slightly over years. JWN’s Times interest earned has increased from 8. 80 in 2010 to 9. 61 in 2011. Ultimately, JWN generate more than enough income before interest and tax to cover for its interest expense. 5. Market related statistics: Like many luxury stores, Nordstrom has seen its sales rebound since late 2009 as well-he eled shoppers have become more comfortable with spending, despite volatility in the stock market.Nordstrom also has worked hard to make it easier to shop by adding Wi-Fi access for shoppers at all of its full-line department stores, offering free shipping on most items without any minimum purchase in September 2010, and fusing its online and in-store inventory systems so shoppers can find out online what's in stock at any given store in the chain. Nordstrom said it expects revenue at its stores open at least a year to rise 4 percent to 6 percent in the current full fiscal year, and it expects to earn $3. 30 to $3. 45 per share.JWN analyzes its dividend payout ratio and dividend yield, while taking into consideration its operating performance and capital resources, and plans to target a 25% to 30% dividend payout ratio in 2011. JWN has increased its dividend payout ratio and its dividend yield in 2011, 29% and 1. 9 % respectively. JWN paid dividends of $0. 92 per share in 2011, $0. 7 6 per share in 2010, and $. 64 per share in each of 2009 and 2008. 6. Quality of financial information Nordstrom uses a more moderate strategy when it comes to its accounting policies.It basically uses similar basic standards as other firms in the industry. Management and select employees of Nordstrom receive stock options and bonuses based on how profitable and how much growth the company is, which may lead to intentional accounting distortion to increase these benefits. Although distortion would be beneficial to management, the standards used by Nordstrom to account for stock issued to employees seem well disclosed and straight forward. Compared to the accounting policies and estimates used in the past five years, Nordstrom has not significantly changed any of its accounting standards.Estimates such as returns are based on past returns and performance and have not altered much in recent years. Nordstrom’s uses its historical data to estimate future performance for the use o f the inventory account. Nordstrom’s accounting policies and estimates seem to have no significant distortions. The changes in policies are well recorded and explained in the footnotes, leaving no concern about their accounting policies. The changes in policies accounting standards and estimates all seem to be legitimate. The manner in which Nordstrom discloses their financial information to the public is of extremely high quality.Nordstrom exceeds their expectation of providing customers and shareholders with an adequate explanation for nearly every element of their finances. After the presentation of each financial statement, Nordstrom provides a detailed clarification concerning each component listed in a manner that could be easily interpreted by the common inquirer. In general, Nordstrom effectively communicates their activities with their investors and are relatively free of unpredictable or unexplainable transactions. III. Comparison to the industry average and another store (Dillards)Liquidity:| JWN| DDS| Industry| Rating-JWN| Current Ratio | 2. 16| 1. 83| 1. 15| 8| Cash Ratio | 0. 73| 0. 26| 0. 12| 8| Cash Flow from Operations Ratio | 0. 46| 0. 58| -| -| Leverage|   | Total Liabilities / Total Equity| 3. 34| 1. 10| 1. 33| 4| Total Liabilities (BV) / Equity at Market| 0. 57| 0. 72| 0. 17| 4| Times Interest Earned| 9. 61| 5. 83| 7. 41| 7| Activity|   | Inventory Turnover | 6. 20| 3. 12| 6. 14| 6| Avg. # of Days Inventory | 58. 83| 117. 12| 59. 45| 6| Receivables Turnover | 5. 06| 232. 73| 22. 91| 3| Working Capital Turnover| 3. 67| 8. 88| 40. 9| 3| Fixed Assets Turnover| 4. 54| 2. 54| 6. 06| 4| Total Assets Turnover | 1. 36| 1. 47| 1. 91| 4| Length of Operating Cycle | 130. 98| 118. 69| 75. 38| 3| Profit|   | Gross Margin| 0. 39| 0. 37| 0. 29| 6| Return on Sales| 0. 06| 0. 07| 0. 06| 5| ROA| 0. 09| 0. 11| 0. 11| 5| ROE | 0. 34| 0. 22| 0. 25| 6| Both JWN and DDS maintained an efficient liquidity ratio which allowed them to cover their season al cash needs and to maintain appropriate levels of short term borrowings. DDS do not generate as much profit as JWN but it also has much lower leverage ratio than JWN.JWN has much higher debt to equity ratio than the industry average. However, its Time Interest Earned ratio is better than the industry. JWN’s activity ratio seems to be better than DDS, but below the industry average. JWN’s Beta is 1. 57 which theoretically indicates 57% more volatile than the market. DDS’s Beta is 2. 53 which is . 96 higher than JWN’s Beta and also means more volatile than the market. A beta of greater than  1 offers the possibility of a higher rate of return, but  also poses  more risk. In addition, JWN also has much higher dividend payout ratio and dividend yield than DDS.In general, JWN has higher rate of return and less volatile than DDS. JWN has higher dividend yield and lower dividend payout ratio than industry average. The growth and income pick pays an indus try-leading dividend yield of 1. 90%. Its ROE and Net profit margin are also higher than the industry average. Nordstrom clearly has a higher return than its competitor and is likely to be more profitable than its competitor and industry. In comparison with DDS and the industry average, it is apparent that there are no concerns with the accounting for the components of JWN ratios.JWN was consistently somewhat outperformed its competitor and the industry average. In its industry, JWN is apparently a leader in utilizing its capital to create value for the firm, creating profits, and increasing shareholder value IV. Growth in revenue and income Year| Revenue| Net income| 2011| $10,877| $683| 2010| $9,700| $613| 2009| $8,267| $441| 2008| $8,573| $401| 2007| $9,080| $715| 2006| $8,666| $678| Statistics|   | JWN| YoY growth in revenues | 2011| 12. 13%| YoY growth in net income| 2011| 11. 42%| YoY growth in revenues| 2010| 17. 33%| YoY growth in net income| 2010| 39. 00%|YoY growth in re venues| 2009| -3. 57%| YoY growth in net income| 2009| 9. 98%| YoY growth in revenues| 2008| -5. 58%| YoY growth in net income| 2008| -43. 92%| YoY growth in revenues| 2007| 4. 78%| YoY growth in net income| 2007| 5. 46%| YoY growth in revenues| (Average)| 12. 13%| YoY growth in net income| (Average)| 11. 42%| Nordstrom generates revenues from its credit segment, which consists of a wholly-owned federal savings bank that offers Nordstrom VISA credit and debit cards, and a private label card. Nordstrom also profits from its Faconnable boutiques located in France, Portugal, Belgium and the U.S. The remaining revenues are brought in by the retail store segment; the stores specialize in high quality apparel, shoes, cosmetics, and accessories. Nordstrom also sells direct via the internet at www. nordstrom. com. JWN’s revenue for 2011 increased 12. 7% compared with 2010 driven by the strength of Nordstrom full-line stores, rapid growth in its online business and improving results a t Nordstrom Rack. JWN opened three Nordstrom full-line stores, eighteen Nordstrom Rack stores and one Treasure & bond store, relocated two Nordstrom Rack stores, and acquired HauteLook during the year 2011.These additions represented 4. 0% of its total revenue for 2011. Same-store sales increased 7. 2%, with increases of 8. 2% at Nordstrom and 3. 7% at Nordstrom Rack. Nordstrom’s revenue was in a range of $8 billion to 11 billion from 2007 to 2011. There was a slightly decrease or increase in revenue over 5 years period. Nordstrom’s net income was in a range of $401 mil to $715 mil. There is a significant decrease in 2007 net income. It went from $715 mil to $401 mil, which is approximately 44% decrease in net income.However, its net income increased dramatically in 2010, from $441 mil in 2009 to $613 mil in 2010, which is nearly 40% increase in net income. In order to predict an accurate forecast for Nordstrom’s Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, and Ba lance sheet, a sustainable growth rate is needed. After examining Nordstrom’s past performance and computing past growth rates on Nordstrom’s financial, Nordstrom has an average growth in revenue and net income 12. 13% and 11. 42% respectively. V. â€Å"G† Growth rate Risk free rate |   | 3. 10%| Market rate|   | 10. 00%| Beta|   | 1. 58|Rate of return| Rf + B(Rm-Rf)| 14. 00%| # of share outstanding|   | 208| EPS|   | 3. 15| P/E ratio|   | 17. 48| Book value per share|   | 9. 42| Equity| Book value/share x # of share| 1959| Forecasted Net Income| EPS x # of share | 655. 2| Required Income| Equity x rate of return| 274| Residual Income| Forecasted NI – Required income| 381| Market price per share| P/E ratio x EPS| 55| Market capital| market price x # of share| 11453| Unrecognized intangible value (UIV)| market capital – equity| 9494| Growth rate| [(UIV *rate of return)-residual income]/UIV| 10%| With a risk free rate of 3. 0%, market r ate of 10%, and JWN’s Beta 1. 58, Nordstrom has a rate of return of 14% and growth rate of 10%. The growth rate 10% is slightly lower than the forecasted growth rate 11. 42% in net income and 12. 13% in revenue, based on the its past 5 years financial information. With the growth rate of 10%, the discount rate 14% from CAPM model is high enough for Nordstrom. Without the growth rate, discount rate 14% is too low because the capital market and market price per share will be $4679 million and $22. JWN’s market capital and market price per share are actually $11,453 million and $55/ respectively.With growth rate of 10%, JWN will have 14% in rate of return. VI. Recommendation about stock After evaluating Nordstrom’s past performance and forecasted its future growth, there should be a â€Å"BUY† in Nordstrom stock. Nordstrom has established itself as a high-end apparel retailing company. Nordstrom has founded itself upon excellent customer service and an unmat ched reputation. Its main competitors are Saks, Dillard’s, and Neiman Marcus. Nordstrom’s accounting policies are moderate and very well disclosed; they leave no room for any potential red flags to be raised. Nordstrom’s transparent accounting olicies show that the managers have confidence in the firm and its ability to perform. No distortion is used in their statements proving the firms high integrity standards. Upon completion of Nordstrom’s ratio analysis it is apparent that there should be no concerns as to how Nordstrom compares to its competition. In most cases Nordstrom was either average or stood above the competition. There were very few cases where Nordstrom fell behind in its market. Nordstrom would grow at an average 10% percent per year. This is shown through increasing sales and expansion of new stores.Nordstrom has $10,877 million net revenue, $683 million net income, EPS $3. 15, and dividend $. 90/share in fiscal 2012. Nordstrom is expecte d to have $11,705 Million net revenue, $735 million net income, EPS $3. 48 and dividend $. 90 per share during fiscal year 2013. JWN recently acquired online private sale leader HauteLook Inc, which will help the company in building its multi-channel retail format. The acquisition will facilitate Nordstrom to increase its direct business capabilities, implement an enterprise-wide inventory management system, direct sales to online customers and enhance customer service.JWN’s operations are based on a variable cost business model and about 40% to 45% of selling, general and administrative expenses are variable in nature. This flexible cost structure not only helps the company to mitigate the impact of sluggish sales trends on margins, but also enables it to quickly capitalize on the emerging opportunities when market conditions recover. Consequently, Nordstrom can expect a steady improvement in profitability moving forward. Nordstrom has 8. 6% increase in same-store sales for the five week period ended March 31st 2012 compared with the five week period ended April 2nd 2012.Total retail sales of $1. 03 billion for March 2012 increased 14. 7% compared with total retail sales of $897 million for the same period in fiscal year 2011. In addition, Nordstrom has a 7. 1% increase in same-store sales for the four-week period ended April 28th, 2012 compared with the four-week period ended April 30th, 2011. Preliminary total retail sales of $802 million for April 2012 increased 10. 5% compared with total retail sales of $726 million for the same period in fiscal 2011. First quarter same-store sales increased 8. 5% compared with the same period in fiscal 2011.First quarter total retail sales of $2. 53 billion increased 13. 7% compared with total retail sales of $2. 23 billion for the same period in fiscal 2011. In addition, JWN also invests 16. 4 million USD in Bonobos, an exclusive brand of men? s clothes that sells pants and other clothes online. Nordstrom will al so sell Bonobos products through its online store and through more than 100 brick and mortar stores. This move is one of Nordstrom? s efforts to capitalize on the growth opportunities and innovation potential that the web provides, which reflects a smart decision from a dynamic management team.

Ode to the West Wind versus Life Will

It Is amazing to see the slmllarltles between their poems â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† and â€Å"Life Will† despite the differences In times & cultures as well as the fact that Elshabby didn't know any other language than Arabic was thus Indirectly influenced by the romantic school through his assoclatlon with Apollo school. Both Shelly, in his â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† and Elshabby, in his â€Å"Life Will† follow the tradition of romantic poets in recognizing nature as a rebellious force capable of making a change in our life. Shelly both admires and fears the changes nature's rebellious forces can wreak.Elshabby, however, is consumed by the hope that people will take their cue from nature and become so fully rebellious against oppression till they eliminate all sorts of oppression. Shelley's â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† expresses the hope that its words will inspire and influence those who read or hear it. Perhaps more than anything else, Shelley wanted his message of reform and revolution spread, and the wind becomes the trope for spreading the word of change through the poet-prophet figure. The poem allegorizes the role of the poet as the voice of change and revolution.It discusses political change, revolution, and role of the poet. â€Å"Life Will† by Elshabby is one of the greatest revolutionary poems written in Arab's world. It still lives till now as it had recently inspired the Arab Spring Revolutions, just as it had inspired revolution against colonization throughout the Arab world in the previous century, when it was written at 1933. The poet uses his verses to evoke people to revolt against and get rid of their oppressor, as If he wants his nation to roar at and eliminate them till there Is nothing left to oppress the people.Sometimes, the poet feels as If his people are not as responsive to his outcry as he may wish, but he doesn't lose hope. He Is consumed by hope believing his nation will revolt at last b reaking the chains with a tremendous will that can't be efeated. Both poems are similar In their classical structure & romantic content. â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† consists of five stanzas written In terza rlma. Each stanza consists of four tercets (ABA, BCB, CDC, DED) and a rhyming couplet (EE). The structure & rhyme confirm to classical tradltlon & resembles Dante's â€Å"Dlvlne Comedy†.The poem follows the romantic tradltlon of glvlng nature and Its elements life. It begins with three stanzas describing the wind's effects upon earth, air, and ocean. The last two stanzas are Shelley direct monologue to the wind, asking for its ower, to lift him like a leaf, a cloud or a wave and make him its companion in its wanderings. He asks the wind to take his thoughts and spread them all over the Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? † â€Å"Life Will† consists of six stanzas with a mono rhyme; for each verse ends with an (R). Also, the verses are divided into t wo halves according to classic Arabic poetry tradition.The declamatory beginning of the poem is another feature of classic Arabic poetry. Then Elshabby introduces the elements of nature and their spirit as the speaker of the poem showing an indirect nfluence by Romanticism. â€Å"Almotaqareb† poetry â€Å"bahr† and the (R) mono rhyme lend a quick tempo to the poem absent from Shelly's Ode. The poem is full of certainty shown in the word â€Å"AN† which means â€Å"must† and stressed by the last verse: 131 As opposed tothe uncertainty at the end of Shelly's â€Å"Ode to the West Wind†: ‘If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?Though both poems give life to nature ; its elements, each expresses this romantic belief in a different manner. â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† personifies the west wind both as a â€Å"Destroyer† and a â€Å"Preserver†. It is seen as a great power of nature that destroys in order to create, that kills the unhealthy and the decaying to make way for the new and the fresh. In â€Å"Life Will†, Elshabby introduces the wind as a link between inspiration and revolution. It is likened to the revolutionary wind insides him. He stresses that people's will to revolt is the real life that can change destiny and destroy the chains oppressing people.Shelly's Ode shows the effect of the Wild West Wind' on land, sky & sea. The first few lines contain sinister elements, such as ‘leaves dead'. These leaves haunt as ‘ghosts' fleeing from something that panics them. Other allusions to death are ‘chariotest' and ‘corpse within its grave'. He contrasts the west wind to the ‘azure sister of the spring a reference to the east wind – whose ‘living hues and odours' evoke a strong contrast to the colours of death. The sky's ‘clouds' are ‘like earth's decaying leaves'.They also are numerous in number like the dead leaves. Through this reference the landscape is recalled again. The ‘clouds' are ‘Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean'. The ‘clouds' can also be seen s ‘Angels of rain', like messengers bringing change. Here, the west wind is two things at once: first he is ‘dirge/Of the dying year'; singing a funeral song about the year coming to an end and second he is â€Å"a prophet of tumult whose prediction is decisive†; a prophet who does not only bring ‘black rain, and fire, and hail', but who Will burst' it.The ‘locks of the approaching storm' are the messengers of this bursting: the ‘clouds'. Elshabby doesn't describe scenery so much as recount what the elements of life advised him. The land speaks to him. She tells him she likes mbitious revolutionary people and curses dead people who want the status quo kept. The poet calls the land â€Å"mother† invoking an intimate relationship between them. He then declares what each element of nature advi sed; the wind roared among valleys, mountains and trees that achieving ambitions means discarding caution and expending the effort to reach the final goal.He contrasts this with people who won't try to climb up the mountains and thus live forever beneath their dreams. He talks about autumn, drinking wine, sea and seeds stressing revival and the cycle f nature and describing spring and its beauty. The turning-point in Shelly's poem is the third stanza. Whereas Shelley had began by accepting the cycle of nature ; death which brings life back, he now turns to â€Å"wistful reminiscence as an alternative possibility of transcendence†.He gives an image of nature ‘so sweet that one feels alludes to his fear of the revolution that would bring about change even while he is wishing for this change. Whereas the first three stanzas began with ‘O wild West Wind' and ‘Thou†¦ ‘ and were clearly directed to the wind, there is a change in the ourth stanza. The fo cus is no more on the Wind', but on the speaker who says ‘If I ‘ Shelley wishes to identify himself with the wind, although he believes that were a he cannot do that: ‘Oh, lift me up as a wave, a leaf, a cloud'.Because he suddenly remembers his inability as a human to soar, he fall upon the thorns of life' and ‘bleed'. Elshabby also aligns himself with nature. First, he calls earth as ‘his mother'. Then he states that the wind and thunder of revolution live in his heart allowing him to listen to the music of rain as if showing him how nature moves and works all round him to encourage people to do the same; to move and work to revolt against oppression. He then asks darkness about hope, but it doesnt answer. It is the lyre that answers.It says that winter brings death but the seeds hide under ground waiting for spring to come alive. There is another dialogue between destiny and elements of nature. Destiny asks when will hope come and spring comes to answ er her with his revival of life. All through this stanza, darkness, winter and death stands for oppression while spring and seeds stand for hope of coming free. He ends the oem with a repetition of the first stanza stressing the idea that destiny must & will respond to those who has ambition for freedom & change.Shelly ends his poem with a question: ‘If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?. This is of course a rhetorical question because spring does come after winter, but the â€Å"if† suggests that it might not come if the rebirth is not strong and extensive enough. Thus the question has a deeper meaning and does not only mean the change of seasons, but is a reference to death and rebirth as well. Shelly's Ode is about the role of the poet as the agent of olitical and moral change.In this, it resembles Elshabby's poem which invoked the people to revolt against oppression. Both describe nature and its elements as alive, but where Shelly is both admiring and in owe of nature, Elshabby is more direct in invoking the power of nature and revoking caution and fear. Also, where Shelly wishes to have the power of the wind, even though he believes it is impossible, Elshabby aligns himself completely with nature and encourage others to follow his example as the only way they can attain â€Å"life will† which can achieve their dreams nd hopes.Elshabby's poem also evokes more hope & certainty of achieving this hope, ambition & bravery as well as disregard & rejection of caution & fear while achieving it in contrast to Shelly admiration & fear of change. I might be biased in my view that Elshabby's â€Å"Life Will† is stronger and livelier than Shelly's â€Å"Ode to the West Wind†, but in that I might be pardoned as Elshabby's â€Å"Life Will† has been revived with the current Arab Spring giving us renewed hope for change and freedom and coming more alive in the process than Shelly's ode can ever hope to be.

Translatiom

A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF NOUN IN IPS – GEOGRAFI BILINGUAL PUBLISHED BY YRAMA WIDYA (2008) RESEARCH PROPOSAL Submitted as a Partial Falfillment of the Requirement for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education In English Department Proposed by: ADE FEBRIANINGRRUM A 320100217 SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA 2013 APPROVAL A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF NOUN IN IPS – GEOGRAFI BILINGUAL PUBLISHED BY YRAMA WIDYA (2008) RESEARCH PROPOSAL Proposed by: ADE FEBRIANINGRRUM A 320100217 Approved by First ConsultantSecond Consultant Dra. Dwi Haryanti, M. Hum†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. TABLE OF CONTENTCOVER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. APROVAL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. TABLE OF CONTENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. A. Background of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ B. Previous Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ C. Problem Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦D. Objective o f the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. E. Limitation of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ A. Translation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ B. –†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ C. –†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ A. Type of Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ B.Object of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. C. Data and Data Source†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ D. Method of Data Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. E. Technique of Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF NOUN IN IPS – GEOGRAFI BILINGUAL PUBLISHED BY YRAMA WIDYA (2008) A. Background of the study In this world, there are so many languages. Every country speaks with their own languages. That’s why each country has its own translator. The translator’s jpb is to translate one language to another language.In translation involves at least two languages, that are the source and target language. What is generally understood as translation involves the rendering of sourcce language (SL) text into target language (TL) so as to ensure that (1) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately. similiar and (2) the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriuously distorted. (Susan Bassnett- Mc Guire, 1991:13). To do transaltion, a transaltor has to master the relevant language, both the source language and the target language.It is done to make a good translation, which is able to transfer the massage from source language (SL) into traget language (TL). In other hand, transalation plays an important role to solve the problem of inerlingua communication. The writer is intere sted in classifying the variety meaning of English noun which are translated into indonesian and also in describing the equivalen on the indonesia translation of noun. The writer likes in observing text book IPS – Geografi Bilingual, because it is the text book which is support the teaching learning process in bilingual school for senior high school grades XI published by Yrama Widya 2008.To norrow the study, the writer analyzes noun found in IPS – Geografi Bilingual textbook. Based on this textbook the writer finds translation level shift of noun and adaptation such as : SL : The Development of science and technology affects human life in general. But the development is diffirent among countries, depending on the ability of humans in controlling and developing them TL : Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi membawa dampak terhadap kehidupan manusia pada umumnya. Namun perkembangan tersebut berbeda-beda, tergantung pada kemampuan manusia dalam menguasai dan menge mbangkannyaIn the example above, the word science is a noun. Science in the TL is translated into Ilmu Pengeteahuan . In this case, there is a translation shift of the massage from SL into TL, because science is noun and Ilmu Pengetahuan is Noun Phrase . Level Shift is the SL item at once linguistic level had a translation equivalen at diffirent level, so It is classified into level shift. The word technology is a noun. Technology in the TL is translated into teknologi. In this case, there is a translation adaptation from SL into TL, because tehnology is a noun and teknologi is a noun adaptation.Adaptation It is classified into noun adapatation. Based on those phenomena, the writer wants to conduct a research entittled A Translation Analysis of Noun in IPS – Geografi Bilingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008. B. Previous Study This study is not the only one study that is done by the writer. There are some references that become inspiration to this study. These are previous stud y that deal with the translation analysis. In the case, the writer discusses the previous research about translation that has been done by some researchers.Mariana Prihatmini (2009) graduated student from Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta with her research entitled A Translation Analysis of Noun Suffixes In Sandra Brown’s a Treasure Worth Seeking Into Permata Hati by Diniarty Pandia . The result of the research show that: 1) There are eleven types of noun suffixes, namely: suffix –age, -al, -ance (-ence), -ment, -tion ( -sion), -er ( -or) , -ing, -ity, -ness, -th, and –ism; 2) from 107 data. All the data or 100% belong to equivalent translation.It means that the translation of noun suffixes in â€Å"A Translation Analysis of Noun Suffixes In Sandra Brown’s a Treasure Worth Seeking Into Permata Hati by Diniarty Pandia† is very good, because all the translation are translated into equivalent translation. The reserach above is different from the wr iter, because the data and data source are different. The writer takes Noun while Mariana Prihatmini takes Noun Suffixes as the data. The writer’s data source is IPS – Geografi Bilingual while Mariana Prihatmini’s data source is Sandra Brown’s a Treasure Worth Seeking Into Permata Hati by Diniarty Pandia.The similiarity is focused on the translation analysis. Other reserach is the research conducted by Yusuf Nuryanto (2009) graduated student from Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta with her research entitled A Translation Analysis of Phrasal Verb In The King Of Torts by John Grisham and Its Translation. The result of the data analysis show that (1) there are 3 kinds of catagory shift, those are 5 data or 2,23% of phrasal verb into adjective, 1 datum or 0,45% data of phrasal verb into noun, and there are 2 or 0,89% of phrasal verb that is not translated, from 224 data of phrasal hrase. (1) In the level shif of translation there are 160 data or 71,43% data of phrasal verb into verb, 54 or 24,11% of phrasal verb into verb phrase. 1 datum or 0,45% of phrasal verb into adverbial pharse, and 1 datum or 0,45% of phrasal verb into clause, from 224 data, (3) from 224 data, there are 216 data or 96,43% belong to equivalent translation and 8 data or 3,57% belong to non equivalent. The reserach above is different from the writer, because the data and data source are different. The writer takes Noun while Yusuf Nuryanto takes Phrasal Verb as the data.The writer’s data source is IPS – Geografi Bilingual while Yusuf Nuryanto’s data source is The King Of Torts by John Grisham and Its Translation.. The similiarity is focused on the translation analysis. So, The writer would like to focus of A Translation Analysis of Noun in IPS – Geografi Bilingual Published by Yrama Widya (2008). C. Limitation of the Study In conducting the research, the writter limits the problems that are going to be discussed. This research only deal s with noun used in IPS-Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008.The writer describes the varieties meaning of English noun which are translated into indonesian and the equivalence in the Indonesian translation of noun. This limitation is done for making easier in understanding about the study. D. Problem Statement Based on the research background, the problems proposed in this research are as follows: 1. What are the varieties meaning of English noun which are translated into Indonesian used in IPS-Geografi Bilingual published by Yrama Widya 2008 ? 2. How are the equivalence in the Indonesian translation sentences including noun in IPS-Geografi Bilingual published by Yrama Widya 2008?E. Objective of the Study Based on the research problems mentioned above, the writer has the following objectives as follows: 1. To classify the varieties meaning of English noun which are translated into indonesian used in IPS-Geografi Bilingual published by Yrama Widya 2008. 2. To describe t he equivalence in the Indonesian translation sentences including noun in IPS-Geografi Bilingual published by Yrama Widya 2008. F. BENEFIT OF THE STUDY This study will have two benefit, they are theoretical and practical benefit. 1. Theoretical benefit The result of the research will erlarge the scope of knowledge about english noun.So, the other researchers may use it as one of literature reviews in their linguistics study. 2. Practical benefit a. The result of the research may give more contributions on the enlargement of English noun to the readers that many use it in many ways. b. The result of this research may give more information to the readers about the variety meaning of English noun and the use them in the appropriate way. CHAPTER II UNDERLYING THEORY A. Translation 1. Notion of Translation Here the text in the first languageis the source text and the equivalen text that communicates the same massage is the â€Å"target text† or â€Å"translated text†.Initial ly translation has been a manual activity. Today, together with manual activity. Today, together with manual translation, there is also automatic translation of natural language text, which is referred to as machine translation or computer-assisted translation which is used computers as an aid to translation. Translatiom is one way to bring the world closer. Based on definition above it can be summarised that of translation is a process of transferring massage from source language into target language and the result of transferring should be equivalent both of meaning and style of languageCHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD In this chapter, the reseracher presents the method employed in the research. In relation with the study, researcher chooses descriptive method to analyze the data. It is divided into four main points: type of the reserach, object of the study data and data source, technique for collecting data and technique for analyzing data. A. Type of the Reserarch The type of resear ch belongs to qualitative research. Qualitative research means â€Å"any kind of reserach that procedure finding not arrived at by means of statistician procedures or other means of quantification.Moleong (1991:5) states that qualitative research is type of reserach with result descriptive data in the form of written or oral world from observed object. B. Data and Data Source The object of the reserach is the kinds of variety meaning of English noun found in textbook IPS Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008. C. Data and Data Source In this reserach, the data are all word noun taken from IPS Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008. . The source of data is from IPS Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008. D. Technique for Collecting Data The methods of collecting data are observation and documentation.The ways are as follows: 1. Reading textbook IPS Geografi Billingual Published by Yrama Widya 2008 and underlines english noun. 2. Recognizing the trans lation variation in the Indonesian version and underlines them. 3. Writing the data down into paper. 4. Recognizing the Engllish noun are translated into Indonesian noun. 5. Coding the data. For example: 001/IPSGB/SL1/TL1, which means: * : Datum Number IPSGB: IPS Geografi Billingual SL1: Source Language page 1 TL1: Target Language page 1 E. Technique for Analyzing Data To analyze the collected data, the reserachers takes the following steps:

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IT Project Management Approaches - Coursework Example It narrows down from the above two and looks at some of the specific applications in the information Technology field by looking at the Software development life cycle approach that is part of the traditional approach. It goes further in the agile approach to look at specific applications of the approach to the field of information technology. The paper also compares the two approaches by looking at their strengths and weaknesses and the type of projects to which they can be used/ applied and why they will or will not work. 1. The traditional/phased approach to project management The traditional approach to project management involves very well-organized and deliberate planning and control methods. In this approach there are distinct project life cycle stages or phases which are easily recognizable as one leads directly to another. Tasks are completed in in an orderly sequence, one after the other and this necessitates that a significant part of the entire project is planned before t he process begins (Hass, 2007,pp1-8). This model assumes that all events affecting the entire project are predictable and that the tools and the tasks undertaken by each individual are well understood. With this approach it assumes that once a phase is complete it will not be revisited, which is not the case for many projects especially IT projects. This model is forms the basis for the phased methodology used in many projects. The approach has taken many dimensions especially in the field of information technology with various sub models coming up from this traditional/phased model (Hass, 2007,pp1-8). The advantage of this approach is that it sets out the phases for development and stresses the importance of requirements for each stage. On the other hand the limitation is that projects rarely follow the sequential flow and many stakeholders find it difficult to define all the requirements for a project at the beginning(Hass, 2007,pp1-8). The approach has the following distinct stag es: initiation, planning and design, execution and construction, monitoring and controlling systems and finally the completion stage. It is important to note that not all projects will go through all the stages mentioned above some may be terminated before they get to the completion stage. 1.1. The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) In information technology projects, this phased approach can be compared to the software development life cycle approach (SDLC). This approach is composed of the following distinct stages that must be followed to come up with working software: planning, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing and finally installation and acceptance (Radack, 2009, pp1-7). The planning stage aims at establishing a bird’s eye view of the proposed software product and uses this to form the basic project organization, assess feasibility and risks associated with the project and define suitable management and technical approaches. The m ost critical part concerning this stage is the listing of goals of the project and this is done before anything else (Radack, 2009, pp1-7). The requirement definition stage begins immediately the goals in the planning stage are identified. Each of these goals is then refined into a set of requirements which define the major functions of the proposed application and also define the initial data entities.

Measurement and Instrumentation LVDT sheet Lab Report

Measurement and Instrumentation LVDT sheet - Lab Report Example The device consists of a primary winding (P) and two secondary windings named S1 and S2. Both of them are wound on one cylindrical former, side by side, and they have equal number of turns. Their arrangement is such that they maintain symmetry with either side of the primary winding (P). A movable soft iron core is placed parallel to the axis of the cylindrical former. An arm is connected to the other end of the soft iron core and it moves according to the displacement produced. The LVDT is also used as a secondary transducer in various measurement systems. A primary transducer is used to convert the measurand into a displacement (Scholey et al.,1995). The LVDT is then used to measure that displacement. Examples are: The graph above shows the plot between the resulting voltage or voltage difference and displacement. The graph clearly shows that a linear function is obtained between the output voltage and core movement from the null position within a limited range of 4 millimeter. The results showed that there is linear relationship between displacement and voltage and this relationship continues till the maximum displacement of 40 mm, after that output voltage was decreased drastically towards negative side. The results revealed that there is very strong repeatability in LVTD as show in fig. (2). There is almost no difference in output voltage when the experiment was replicated second time. These results are supported by the findings of other researchers who reported the similar results. (Tariq et al., 2002 ; Wu et al., 2008 and Drumea et al., 2006). It is evident from the data that the instrument has high sensitivity, resolution and repeatability. Maintains a linear relationship between the voltage difference output and displacement from each position of the core for a displacement of up to 40 millimeter. Scholey, G. K., Frost, J. D., Lo Presti, D. C. F., & Jamiolkowski, M. (1995). A review of instrumentation

International Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Business Law - Essay Example d) Preliminary ruling procedure Demonstrates co-operation between the national courts of member countries and the European Court of Justice and occurs when the national court of a member country is in doubt as to the interpretation of community rules, the national court seeks interpretation from the Court of Justice. After clarification from the Court of Justice the national court is free to proceed with the case (EU Handout). e) Maastricht Treaty This treaty came into force in 1993 and established the European Union and amended the Rome treaties (EU Handout). Task 2 a) Rights and obligations The main contractual obligations of the seller and buyer include; the seller has to cede possession of the thing (car) and transfer ownership, the buyer has to pay the buying price of the thing and take it over. The contractual rights of the seller include a right to cancel a contract and make a claim for damages arising from the purchase of product with encumbrances. The buyer has also got a ri ght to claim for a reduction in the buying price of the product in order to take over the encumbrance. ... This is advantageous to the seller because he is able to prevent the buyer from alienating the car and encumbering it (Andrasi and Mandarassy, 2004). c) Breach of contract This is a defective performance breech of contract. The buyer has guarantee rights. The buyer shall inform the seller of the fault in the car in the shortest time possible. The buyer has a right to chooses whether he wants repair or replacement. If the buyer is not entitled to a replacement or repair or the seller refuses to repair or replace, the buyer can request for a reduction in price, or have the contract rescinded (Andrasi and Mandarassy, 2004). The buyer cannot have the contract rescinded of the fault is minor. d) Defamation The buyer can turn to court and claim for the infringement to be terminated and an injunction issued in order to prevent further injury (Andrasi and Mandarassy, 2004). e) Partial rights and obligations There are three partial rights associated with ownership of the car. They include the right to possess, the right to dispose and the right to use. For example after purchasing the car, I possess it and it is under my power. I have a right to use the car for example as a taxi and collect the money from it (right to use). I can also decide to sell it off and collect the money obtained from the sale of the car (right to disposal). I also have a right to use the car as a security or abandon it (Andrasi and Mandarassy, 2004) Task 3 A. True/False a) True b) True c) True d) False e) False B. Case study a) Company types: The types of companies that exist in Hungary include limited partnership and unlimited partnership, Limited Liability Company and company limited by shares and joint ventures. Foreign investors are free to join a Hungarian company without permission and may

Those Winter Sundays Essay Example for Free

Those Winter Sundays Essay Upon first reading the poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden, I was an objective reader who assumed Hayden was looking back with nostalgia at his lost childhood. Without researching the poem, as well as Hayden himself, I had no way of knowing his background as an adopted child to unhappy parents in a dysfunctional household. After reading several sources, I’ve formed a somewhat new outlook on the poem and what it means not only to we the readers, but also to Hayden the poet. One of the aforementioned sources used was Ann M. Gallagher’s â€Å"Hayden’s ‘Those Winter Sundays’† in which Gallagher basically provides an objective explication of the poem. She picks apart the poem’s main characteristics, and manages to understand something that I as an explicator had not: that Hayden obviously came from an unhappy childhood. Gallagher expands on that topic without ever mentioning any research she had done on Hayden’s biography, but solely on evidence from the text itself. Another of the texts used was Pontheolla Williams’ book Robert Hayden: A Critical Analysis of His Poetry. In this book, Williams spends most of the first few chapters delving into Hayden’s biography and where he grew up. Hayden was raised in Detroit with his adoptive parents, William and Sue Hayden; however, he still frequently visited his biological mother, Ruth Sheffy, in New York, and his biological father in Indiana (3-4). In this book, Williams connects how the difficulties of growing up with two sets of parents contributed to â€Å"Those Winter Sundays.† My final source was Phillip M. Richards’ article, â€Å"Robert Hayden (1913-1980): An Appreciation† from the journal, The Massachusetts Review. This source focuses more on Hayden’s intellectual journey such as where he went to college, which scholars influenced him, and how this was portrayed in his poetry. Richards reveals that Hayden was privileged to attend college with the â€Å"cream-of-the-crop of the Southern black college world,† and that this greatly influenced his poetry (602). Each source brought new information to my attention, and I found all of that information essential to further understand the poem itself. For example, Williams’ book revealed a whole background analysis on Hayden that without knowing, one might neglect to connect â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† with Hayden’s actual life. Hayden’s adoptive parents’ marriage was not a particular happy one, and so Hayden’s description in the poem of â€Å"the chronic angers of that house† which he grew up in becomes more than just the squeaks and groans of an old house, as I first contemplated in my explication (9). After reading Williams’ book excerpt, I saw a new aspect of the poem, understanding the tension between Hayden and his adoptive father who was â€Å"[dissatisfied] with his uncertain status as an adoptive parent and the fact that he and Mrs. Hayden did not get along very well† (4-5). Had I not known this, my understanding of the poem would have been limited. Likewise, in Phillip Richards’ article, new information about Hayden’s intellectual past was made evident and gave me a new perspective on how that played into Hayden’s work. When Richards states that â€Å"Hayden has been so influential a poet because he developed such a suggestive model of the history poem, a poem that searches the personal or public past for significant truth that the poet might present to his audience,† this pattern is brought to attention in â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† (611). Hayden is reflecting on the history of his childhood, finding the truth behind his father’s affection and ultimately, their relationship. This pattern was evident not only in Hayden’s work, but also in that of his intellectual colleagues’ which helped to shape his style. Had I not read this source, I would not have made the connection between â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† and Hayden’s intellectual journey. Finally, Ann M. Gallagher’s article was a perfect example of what an objective explication should look like. Until reading this article, I didn’t really know the extent of what was expected in an explication. Gallagher draws information solely from the text itself that my own was definitely lacking. For example, Gallagher brings attention to the seemingly unhappy marriage between the Haydens when she states that â€Å"one slowly becomes aware that it is not only the child who does not thank the hardworking father. ‘No one ever’ did†¦where, for example, is the woman of the house? Why is there no one to minister in love or duty†¦?† (246). In one statement, Gallagher has managed to open an entirely other facet of Hayden’s motivation. Gallagher’s explication changed my understanding of not only the poem, but of what a thorough explication entails. Additional sources are not only helpful when writing a paper, they are essential. Not because one’s own ideas are not good enough, but because to enhance and expand upon those original ideas, research must be done. I would never have known Hayden’s family background had I not researched it, and I would have been completely ignorant of that side of â€Å"Those Winter Sundays.† Likewise with his intellectual background, as well as the evidence from the text itself; had I not come upon others’ opinions and revelations, I would not have been able to make my own. While it is, of course, inexcusable to copy another’s work, it is conducive to use that work to further enhance your own ideas.

Understand How to Set Up a Home Based Child Care Service Task Essay Example for Free

Understand How to Set Up a Home Based Child Care Service Task Essay Understand how to set up a home based child care service 1. Outline the current legislation covering the home based childcare, and the role of regulatory bodies. Current Legislation There are many different Legislation being brought out in place to help maintain and improve services, for example; Every Child Matters In 2003, the Government made a new legislation called Every Child Matters. This was published due to a report into the death of Victoria Climbie. There was a wide discussion between people working in childrens services, with parents, children and young people. Following the discussion, the Government published Every Child Matters: the Next Steps and passed the Children Act 2004, providing the legislative spine for developing more effective and accessible services focused around the needs of children, young people and families. Every Child Matters: Change for Children was published in November 2004. This is a new approach to the well-being of children and young people from birth to age 19. The Governments aim is for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to have the support they need to: †¢ Be healthy Stay safe †¢ Enjoy and achieve †¢ Make a positive contribution †¢ Achieve economic well-being Meaning that every organisation involved in providing services to children, from hospitals, schools, the police and voluntary groups. Where they will be teaming up in new ways, sharing information and working together, to protect children and young people from harm and help them achieve what they want in lif e. Childcare Act 2006 The Childcare Act, passed into law on 11 July 2006, is pioneering legislation – the first ever exclusively concerned with Early Years and childcare. The Act will help transform childcare and Early Years services in England for generations to come, taking forward some of the key commitments from The Ten Year Strategy published in December 2004. Measures in the Act formalise the important strategic role Local Authorities play through a set of new duties. These duties will require authorities to: †¢ Improve the five Every Child Matters (ECM) outcomes for all pre-school children and reduce inequalities in these outcomes †¢ Secure sufficient childcare for working parents provide a better parental information service The Act also reforms and simplifies Early Years regulation and inspection arrangements providing for a new integrated education and care quality framework (for pre-school children) and the new Ofsted Childcare Register. The sufficiency, information and outcomes duties came into effect from 1 April 2008 and the remaining provisions from September 2008. Other legislation is; Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), The Play Strategy, The Charter for Children’s Play, Children’s Centres, Extended Services and Childrens Trusts. Ofsted Ofsted is the office for standards in Education, childrens services and skills. They make sure that people achieve excellence in care for adults, children and young people. Ofsted inspect the following services: †¢ Maintained schools and academies †¢ Some independent schools †¢ Early years and childcare †¢ Children’s centres; children’s homes †¢ Family centres †¢ Adoption and fostering services and agencies †¢ CAFCASS †¢ Children’s services in local authorities †¢ Initial teacher training †¢ Further education colleges and 14 to 19 provision A wide range of work-based learning and skills training †¢ Adult and community learning †¢ Probation services †¢ Education and training in prisons and other secure establishments. Ofsted assess children services in local areas and inspect services for looked after children, safeguarding and child protection. Ofsteds job is to check places that adults, youn g people and children are looked after and the people who look after adults, children and young people. They check to see if people are doing a good job in looking after, if they are not they try to help them get better. Ofsted inspect children services e. g. childminders, schools, nurserys, adult learning and skill’s centres etc. to see if the standard of care for adults, children and young people, after their inspections they carry out a report of what they have found, where you will receive a grade (Grade 1 Outstand, Grade 2 Good, Grade 3 Requires Improvement and Grade 4 Inadequate) depending on your grade some inspectors will have to revisit you for a second report where you must improve your grade to stay open or in business. Ofsteds job is to make sure that all adults, children and young people who are being cared for are safe, being looked after properly, to improve childrens services, to make sure childrens services focus on the interests of the children and young people, parents, adult learners and employers who use them and also to see that the services for children are efficient and effective. Ofsted’s Strategic Plan 2011-2015 sets out how they will try to fulfil their responsibilities to inspect and regulate services for children, young people and learners. The plan sets out how they will achieve four priorities: Better outcomes Driving improvement for children and learners of all ages †¢ Better inspection and regulation Improving the way we work in order to provide sharper accountability that focuses on underperformance and drives fairness for those using services †¢ Better public involvement Ensuring that people’s views and experiences inform how and when we inspect and regulate; and empowering people with the information they need to make choices and hold services to account †¢ Better ways of working Using our resources responsibly in effective, efficient and sustainable ways that focus on the front line.

Ethical Situation in Healthcare

Ethical Situation in Healthcare Azmir Bin Abdul Latiff ENQUIRY 3 Discuss the situation described from the perspective of the health and human services professional. What would be the most appropriate response to the situation? Include in your answer the: ethical frameworks, theories and principles appropriate to responding to the scenario relevant professional codes of ethics and codes of practice relevant legislation and guidelines, statute and common law, government guidelines. cultural and community values related to the issue, and comment on what would be appropriate and inappropriate responses of the health professional to the situation. Case Study Three Dr Simons was the new Surgical Consultant at a large public hospital. He was trained in the USA, and came with a reputation for being very fierce. Dr Simons regularly yelled at other staff, in particular Nurses, if his requests were not immediately met. He justified that if â€Å"Chefs could yell at staff in a kitchen, where nobody’s life is at stake, he could yell at incompetence when it is a life and death situation†. Although the Nursing staff disliked Dr Simons, they continued to work with him as they felt intimidated. One nurse, Clare, worked in Recovery where she looked after patients directly after they had surgery. She noticed that a very large proportion of Dr Simons’ patients were in considerable pain after surgery, and several patients had adverse outcomes such as heavy bleeding from the surgical site. Clare was concerned about this, but was scared to report it for fear of reprisal from Dr Simons. Eventually she was so worried about the patients’ health she made an official complaint to the Hospital management. She was called in to the Director of Nursing and told that if she ever made trouble like that again, a reason would be found to not continue her employment. She was told that Dr Simons was a senior staff member, and she had no right to make complaints about his medical conduct as she was â€Å"only a Nurse†. What should Clare’s response be? As healthcare professionals, Nurse Clare and Doctor Simons are bound by or influenced by professional codes of practice and ethics, Hippocraticoaths, statutes and laws and government guidelines. Clare was being responsible and professional by reporting and making an official complaint to the hospital management as she was concerned for the health and well being of her patients. It is her responsibility to report any suspicions of malpractice or substandard care to the higher authority if the senior staff members do not investigate and take actions to mitigate the suspicions. Considering that most of Doctor Simon’s patients were in a lot of pain and were exhibiting signs of heavy bleeding at the surgical site, Clare did raised her concerns to the hospital management and may have had exposed him to medical malpractice in the process. Instead of investigating the issue, the hospital management threatened to discontinue her employment. The fact that Doctor Simon is protected by the senior staff members despite his incompetence and medical malpractice is disturbing. Health professionals have codes of practice and guidelines to abide by. The National law requires Clare to report to a government body, AHPRA , if registered health practitioner knows of another practitioner’s destructive actions. AHPRA is a government body that focuses on serious cases of substandard practice or conduct by practitioners, or serious cases of impairment. This is to safeguard patients and to reduce or prevent the risk of potential harm from a result of medical malpract ice, negligence or impairment. A mandatory notification requirement helps to prevent the public from being placed at risk of harm. This shows that Clare have the right to report Doctor Simon’s attitude and actions to AHPRA if the senior staff members do not take action against Doctor Simon after the reported incidents as Doctor Simon have behaved in a way that poses a serious risk to the public. Ethics refers to standards of behaviors which are the best possible act in the many situations and issues that are raised as concerns. Ethics are not based on science, law, religion, accepted social norm, or feelings. It is viewed as approaches or processes such as, the utilitarian approach, an approach that is the one that provides the most good or does the least harm. The Utilitarian Approach deals with penalty; it tries both to increase the good done and to reduce the harm done. The Rights Approach is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of those affected. This approach starts from the belief that humans have a dignity based on their human nature and their ability to choose freely what they do with their lives. TheJustice Approach, the idea that all people should be treated equally and fairly. Each of the approaches helps us determine what standards of behavior can be considered ethical. As there are still problems with the mentioned approaches, not all healthc are professionals agree to the specific approaches or the same set of human and civil rights. An ethical framework based on the approaches is to first recognize the ethical issue. After that, the healthcare professional must gather all the facts pertaining to the issue. He/she then must learn more about the situation and lay down the options available before acting on it. Subsequently, the next step would be to evaluate alternative approaches like the Utilitarian approach, Rights approach or Justice approach that best fits the situation. After considering the suitable approach needed to tackle the situation, he/she must act on the decided options. The end result must be reflected and evaluated if need be for further improvements. As a healthcare professional, Doctor Simon is to abide by the Ethics that is in the best interest of his patients. This means that he must provide the best healthcare and at the same time, reduce the amount of harm done on his patients. In Clare’s perspective, she viewed Doctor Simon’s actions as most harmful to the patients as he had caused a lot of pain and bleeding to his patients’ surgical site. As he did not abide by the Ethics in Clare’s viewpoint, she has the right to report him to the higher authority to protect the patients. The practice of Doctor Simon who caused pain and heavy bleedings to his patients was accepted by his peers may be due to the ‘Bolam’ test where traditionally, doctors were not said to have breached their duty of care if they acted in accordance with a practice accepted by their peers: Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957). As their peers were the ones who set the standard, substandard care and malpractice were more prominent during those times as long as the practice conducted is accepted by the rest. However, this soon changed because of an incident whereby a patient was left almost blind when the doctor had failed in informing her on the risk of sympathetic ophthalmia. In this case, there were two opposing sides in which one would inform the patient and another would not inform. Due to this, the law was changed and the standard was set not by peers but by the court instead. Based on the Professional code of Ethics and Conduct, Ethical Frameworks, Theories and Principles, and Law and Guidelines, Clare should report to AHPRA if the higher authorities did not take any actions against Doctor Simon. By reporting to AHPRA also on the culture of the higher authority in her hospital, Clare would be able to break the inappropriate culture that is similar to ‘Bolam’ test. By doing so, Clare would be able to help stop the substandard practices and minimize the potential harm on the patients while maximizing the healthcare system to its optimum capabilities. This way, the patients would be able to receive better care with a methodological and ethical approach. References Dhai, A. (2008). Understanding professionalism in health care in the twenty first century.SADJ, 63, 174, 176-7 Faunce, T., Shat, K., Adams, C. (2008). Health the law. : Hot topics (Sydney, N.S.W.); no. 64. Retrieved on 30/5/2014 from: http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Codes-Guidelines/Guidelines-for-mandatory-notifications.aspx M.Velasquez, D. Moberg, M. J. Meyer, T. Shanks, M. R. McLean, D. DeCosse, Claire Andre and Kirk O. Hanson. A Framework for Thinking Ethically (May 2009) retrieved from: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html

Make Love, Not War Essay -- Social Studies

Life on Earth constantly swings between peace and war, even though human kind is famishing for happiness. Bliss does not derive from war and violence, why then humanity cannot live without the burden of wars? We are likely pursuing the culture of death. Maybe violence is inscribed into our DNA, our ancestral reptile brain, somehow, is dominating over our intellectual reasoning and emotional intelligence, the same brain that helped us to survive in hostile environments of a primitive world. How could man make this world a better place? Could love change this status quo? Leslie Marmon Silko writes in Ceremony: â€Å"Tonight the singing had come first, squeaking out of the iron bed, a man singing in Spanish, the melody of a familiar love song, two words again and again, â€Å"Y volverà ©.† Sometimes the Japanese voices came first, angry and loud, pushing the song far away, and then he could hear the shift in his dreaming, like a slight afternoon wind changing its direction, coming less and less from the south, moving into the west, and the voices would become Laguna voices,† (6) Y volvere, in Spanish means returning, coming back, these words belong to a â€Å"familiar love song† (6) and they can evoke nostalgic feelings in the heart of a soldier in war. A Love song, how can love feelings survive in a war situation, where a soldier in battle likely does not have the right to be compassionate and human? The angry enemy voices are "pushing away the song" (6). Hate and violence are wiping away love; probably there is no space for love in war."And the voices would become Laguna voices" another place, another situation but the same struggling story. Human beings denied of their freedom, dignity, history, traditions, and storytelling.... ...iolenza† (Dottrina della resistenza passiva). Periodi storici e tematici Storia in network â€Å"Cronologia† Copyright One Italia 2010. Web. 06 of April, 2012 http://cronologia.leonardo.it/storia/biografie/gandhi2.htm Leslie Marmon Silko, Ceremony, Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York. Pag. 6. Print Mario Rigoni Stern. Il Sergente nella neve-ritorno sul Don. â€Å"In Guerra, quando sembra che tutto debba crollare e morirre, un gesto, una parola, un fatto e’ sufficiente a ridare speranza e vita.† (Einaudi tascabili di Mario Rigoni Stern. 1 gennaio 1969. Pag.51. Print Mark D. Tooley is president of the Institute on Religion and Democracy and author of Taking Back the United Methodist Church. Viewpoints on war and pacifism. Web. 06 April 2012 http://0-ic.galegroup.com.library.lanecc.edu/ic/ovic/?userGroupName=laneccoll&

Mans Discovery Of Fossil Fuels Could Be His Downfall. Discus Essay

Throughout the entire history of mankind, the technological advancements that civilisations have made have always been tied in with the development of energy sources. The first human energy technology was fire, along with human labour as the major energy source. This has bee supplemented by animals for agriculture and transportation since at least the dawn of agriculture some 10,000 years ago. Wind and waterpower for milling grain have also been used nearly as long. The development of the steam engine by George Stephenson in the late 1700’s was the technological breakthrough that led to the industrial revolution. For the first time in human history transportation could be provided without the use of domesticated animals. Steam engines were used in steam locomotives, steam tractors and steam ships (B.Nebel and R.Wright 1995). Stationary steam engines were rapidly established in all the major industries. The major fuel for steam engines was firewood. By the end of the 1800’s, the demand for energy was ever increasing and firewood around industrial centres was becoming scarce. This led to a switch to coal as the major source for fuel and energy. As well as powering steam engines coal became widely used for heating, cooking and industrial processes. Air pollution during the Industrial revolution was far worse than anything seen today. Apart from the smoke and fumes obscuring visibility, they also caused major health problems to the inhabitants of the industrial areas reducing life expectancies, predominantly with respiratory diseases. The simultaneous development of the internal combustion engine, well drilling technology and the capacity to refine crude oil into gasoline and other liquid fuels (B. Nebel et al 1995) in the late 1880’s, produced an alternative to steam power. Air pollution was greatly reduced as coal-fired steam engines and gasoline and diesel engines, and fuel oil furnaces replaced furnaces. Due to the length of time it takes to change from one energy technology to another, it was not until the late 1940’s that oil surpassed coal as the worlds major energy source. World oil use peaked in 1979 when daily production passed 66 million barrels per day (W.Cunningham et al 1993). This was not without problems however. In 1973, the recognition of the increasing dependence of industrialised nations on oil along ... ...nder normal conditions. Extraction of fossil fuels is a dirty and dangerous business, with associated diseases of workers and environmental pollution, such as dust from mining and spills from tankers transporting oil. As can be seen from the various points discussed, the civilisation that we inhabit today is very much dependent on fossil fuels, without them the level of technology that we take for granted today would not exist. The economical, political, social and environmental issued associated with them show the problems of mans dependence on them. With increasing worldwide demand, and declining supplies, every effort needs to be made by governments to find solutions to these problems. This has already started today, with developments in alternative energy sources such as nuclear power, which raises its own issues, and the move towards solar and other renewable energy sources. References Cunningham. W.P and Saigo B.W (1995). Environmental Science: A Global Concern. W.C.B, Bubuque. Nebel B.J and Wright R.T (1993). Environmental Science. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Pickering K.T and Owen L.A (1995). An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues. Routledge, London and New York.

Henry James And the Art Of Fiction :: essays research papers

â€Å"The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life.† Stated Henry James in â€Å"The Art of Fiction† page 437. I agree with Mr. James that feelings and ambitions formed in characters do represent life. The idea of characters and how real they should is represented in page 440. Characters, in my opinion, form the novel itself. It is the characters and incidents corresponding in a novel, which make a good one. There are two kinds of characters: the round character, and the flat character. The round one has contradictions and develops with the progress of the novel. The flat character does not change; if it is good then that is the way it will stay, or if it is bad it will also stay as it is with no progress in it. There are as well minor characters, which are there to help the novel to develop, and make incidents more reasonable. Characters form actions, in my opinion, and actions form the incidents of a novel. In page 438, Mr. James stated that â€Å"the action of men† is â€Å"the task† of writers. It is not only important to show characters’ feelings, but also to see them in action. A novel I would refer to that may get to be the opposite of that statement would be To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf. The novel does not have much action, but shows a lot of inner thoughts and feelings of the characters. The time passes by slowly at the beginning of the novel, which may make you feel dull. The story still is a genius one. These form of novels are called â€Å"the stream of consciousness†, and its form goes by hearing characters’ thoughts and their inner emotions. Mr. James prefers, as I interpret, that a novel should have characters combined with the actions they go through. I agree with him, since I find much pleasure in reading such works of fiction. That is of course my own taste, and not my own opinion, since an opinion should be objective. In conclusion, life can be seen in characters, which are in action. Also in corresponding of incidents that can be thought to be logical. If any work of fiction has logical events, and can be taken to be true, then it is a successful one. Any novel does not have to be only a copy of real life.

The Ethical Research of Animal Testing

Argumentative Topics The Ethical Research of Animal Testing Name Animal testing has been a hot topic of discussion in society for many years. The debate is whether or not animal testing should be allowed. Some people believe that animal testing is wrong and that it causes undue harm to animals. Throughout the last 150 years, the practice of using animals for research has been under intense scrutiny between animal activists and researchers.Scientists insist that the experimental research they do is essential for producing effective drugs, and the animal rights activists believe that testing animals for advancements in medicine is not necessary. I believe that research using animals should continue as long as there is a reason for it to continue. Thanks to animal based research, to date millions of human lives have been saved. Animal testing is the only way to find out if vaccinations work for different diseases. We cannot just ask people off the streets to volunteer, as that would be morally and ethically wrong.At this time, scientific researchers have no alternatives for testing new drugs, as scientific computer modules can only do so much for testing. Also, the government has strong laws in place to ensure the health and welfare of test animals. As long as there is disease and sickness in the world, scientists will always be looking for the next cure and treatment options, so we will always need to have animal research. As long as the animals are treated humanely, I believe that it would be inhumane to the human race to stop animal research.Thanks to animal research, the advancements in disease control have been beneficial and should be able to continue in the future. Although animal research has saved thousands of human lives, it has remained a major controversy for several years even though scientific researchers have tried to ensure the well being of animals. Animal rights activists still deem it inhumane, even though there are strict laws forbidding the in humane treatment toward animals. Inhumane or not, thanks to the research of animals, scientists have been able to cure many diseases throughout the world, saving millions of human lives.Thanks to the advances of medical technology due to animal research, the research of animals should be able to continue. Stopping animal research would be inhumane to the human race. At this time, scientists have not come up with an alternative to testing drugs on animals. They do have computer simulators, but this technology can only do so much. It is not an advanced enough system to determine if the new medical breakthroughs will work. In the 1960’s, it was discovered that animal research had taken a dark turn, and that scientists were mistreating animals and causing unnecessary harm.Congress later passed a bill called The Laboratory Animal Welfare Act of 1966, which states that it is essential that the welfare of animals being test is the main priority. It is required that animals being tes ted are to be treated with respect and given the best treatment possible, however; realizing that they are not human. At this time, there are roughly 50 million animals in case studies in the United States, and there are protesting lobbyists that are trying to eliminate animal case studies all together. The problem today is the difference between the medical treatment of humans and the wellbeing of animals.Nowadays, people worry about the welfare of animals until they need the benefits of the medicine that is developed because of animal research. Most people only worry about animals being tested when it is convenient for them. People like to think of themselves as better than that, and animal testing being an unkind and unfavorable act of cruelty. When medical science is needed, it is then that the benefits are welcomed and testing of animals is forgotten. Most people realize that they would rather see an animal be tested on than a child or loved one.Being as it is, if an epidemic d id come to be, humans are more likely to side with humans than animals, always putting their own interests above anyone else’s. Thanks to animal research, there has been much medical advancement, such as the discoveries of treatment for polio, emboli, and insulin for diabetes. In the 1950’s, polio ravaged the American public, with its debilitating illness, but thanks to animal research a cure was found. American scientists did extensive research on animals, giving the animals that were tested the polio virus and then curing it.No harm came to the animals involved. Thanks to this research, today there is not a case of polio in the United States. Furthermore, thanks to the scientific study of animals, a treatment for diabetes was discovered by finding a way to get insulin into the cells of humans. These discoveries would not have happened if animal research did not exist, and millions of people would have died as a consequence of it. Researchers continue to find cures fo r illnesses, and further the advancement of medical technology because of animal testing.People and animals share a similar anatomy so it is easy to see why we share similar diseases, and why treatment should be tested on animals first. By testing animals first, scientists can determine if the new drug is safe for human ingestion. If animal testing were to be banned, how would we be able to find out if new medical technology works? Would we just test on willing participates and see what happens? This would never be accepted by the public or government. No one ever said eating a piece of chicken was wrong even though everyone knows the living conditions chickens endure.They live their whole lives in a little cage in a factory or on a farm until they are all dried up. Then they are killed and served up at McDonalds or Burger King, but there’s no conservancy there. The reason people eat meat is because of the many benefits of meat, with all the nutrients and vitamins to grow hea lthy and strong. We have used animals in this nature since the beginning of time to eat, keep warm, to build, and to wear. Through all these things we use animals and it is ok. We can go into the forest and shoot and kill animals for sport, but it is wrong to use them for medical purposes.In conclusion, we should show animals the respect they deserve. They have been one of the main sources of human survival since the beginning of time. We need to ensure they are treated with admiration and value. No person should ever treat an animal with disrespect or cruelty, for they are one of the reasons people are on this earth today. Animals are not things for people just to play with and disregard when they are done with them. They are creatures that deserve to be cared for, but not at the expense of the human race. Animals should have the right to thrive, grow, and live a painless life.This should be our tribute to animals for all they do for people. This does not mean that they should have the rights that people have. Regarding animal testing, it is clear that there are two sides of the story, but what side is the right side? This is a personal decision that needs to be seriously considered. The human benefits of animal research discoveries have saved the lives of millions of people, and these treatments would have never been possible without the testing of animals. References Holley, K. (Aug 2009). Animal research practices and doctoral student identity development in a scientific community. In Education Research Complete. Retrieved 26 Sept, 2012, from. http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail. United States Department of Agriculture. Last Retrieved (Sept 21, 2012). United States Department of Agiculture, National Agriculture Library. In undefined, Retrieved Sept 26, 2012, from http: //awic. nal. usda. gov/research-animals. Burnett, C. (March 2009). Should animals continue to be used in research Education Research Complete? In Humane Education Representative, Animals Australia Inc. Retrieved Sept 26, 2012, from. http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/details.